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Road to World War II 1920-1941 Peace attempts ► Treaty of Versailles League of Nations ► Washington Disarmament Conference (1921- 1922) Five Power Treaty ► Locarno Pact (1926) Western Europe guaranteed existing borders Many Europeans believed "spirit of Locarno" meant no future war in Europe ► Kellogg-Briand Pact ► Dawes (1928) Plan (1924) War debts and reparations ►Allies owed US $16 billion ►Allies couldn't pay; depended on Germany's reparation payments to pay back US ►U.S. tariff policies hurt European recovery ► Hoover declared debt moratorium in 1931 ► Great Depression a major cause of totalitarianism in Japan and Germany Stock Market Crash triggered world depression Germany: 50% unemployment & enormous inflation Japan exports fell by 50% ►Began to attack the disarmament policy ►Military took control; assassinated prime minister in1930 American Foreign policy in early 1930s ► Good Neighbor Policy Pre-FDR policies began an improvement of relations with Latin America Clark Memorandum (1928) ►U.S. will not intervene in Latin America for its own national purposes (rebukes TR’s "Big Stick" policy) Policy of non-intervention and cooperation ► London Economic Conference Summer of 1933 Purpose: Confront the global depression ►Goals: stabilize national currencies and revive international trade FDR undermined the conference as he didn't want return to gold standard ►Significance: showed intervene in Europe Hitler and Mussolini U.S. would not ► FDR Recognizes U.S.S.R. (late 1933) Had already received recognition from other powers Hoped trade with U.S.S.R. would help U.S. economy Soviets promised no propaganda in U.S. LENIN STALIN Failure of collective security ► Rise of totalitarian regimes (sought to control every aspect of people's lives) Fascism: glorified the state and sought to expand ("survival of the fittest") ►Italy -- Mussolini (1922) ►Japanese military dictatorship (early 1930s) ►Germany -- Adolf Hitler (1933) Communism: ruthless dictatorship under Stalin in USSR (1924-1953) Mussolini HITLER AS A SOLDIER IN WWI HITLER ADDRESSING AN EARLY NAZI PARTY GATHERING Cover page of German editions of Mein Kampf, written in 1924 while Hitler was imprisoned for staging a revolt ► 1931 - Japan invades Manchuria League of Nations condemns action; no enforcement ►Japan violated Nine Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact ►Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: President Hoover refused economic or political sanctions but did not recognize Japanese conquest ►Japan withdraws from League of Nations ► Reasons for Japanese aggression Badly needed raw materials (coal, oil, & iron) Space for large population Angry at US & others for limiting immigration ►National Origins Act (1924) banned Asians from immigrating to U.S. (Asian Exclusion Act) Anger at U.S. for Japan’s unequal status in 1921 naval treaties ►Anger at U.S. for refusing to recognize "Manchukuo” (Manchuria) 1934, ended Washington Naval Treaty (1922); started massive naval buildup 1936, signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany (anti-communism, USSR) 1940, signed Tripartite Pact: Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis ► 1935 - Italy invades Ethiopia Mussolini sought to reestablish glory of Roman Empire League of Nations hit Italy with economic sanctions except oil July, League lifts sanctions: seen as end of League of Nations American Isolationism ► Preoccupation with ► Nye Great Depression Committee Investigated charges US enter WWI for munitions industry Resulted in the Neutrality Acts between 1935 & 1937 ► Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 In existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: ►Prohibited sale of arms to belligerent nations ►Prohibited loans and credits to belligerent nations ►Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war ►Non-military goods must be purchased on a cash and carry basis Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War America declined to build up its forces ►Navy wars declined in strength- believed huge navies caused REASON FOR ISOLATIONISM FROM EUROPEAN AFFAIRS Spanish Civil War (1936) ► Nationalists, led by Francisco Franco Sought to restore power of church & destroy socialism & communism in Spain- want fascist state ► Italy sent troops to help Franco ► Hitler sent air force to bomb cities held by Loyalists Both Mussolini & Hitler use Spain as testing ground for future aggression ► Rome-Berlin Axis help Nationalists win (1939); Franco imposes fascism in Spain Italy signs Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in 1937 Weakness of democratic countries encourage Hitler & Mussolini ► Japan launches full-scale attack on southern China (1937) Established "new order in Asia“; end of Open Door Chang Kai-shek, Chinese nationalist leader, heads Chinese resistance to Japanese militarism in China ► Panay Incident Dec. 1937, Japanese bombed and sank a U.S. gunboat (the Panay) and three Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River ►Two killed; 30 wounded ►Japan testing U.S. ►Roosevelt reacts angrily, Japan apologizes, pays indemnity ► Roosevelt’s "Quarantine Speech" (1937) Condemned Japan and Italy Urged democracies to "quarantine" the aggressors by economic embargoes Criticized by isolationists- FDR backs off German aggression ► Hitler withdrew from League of Nations in 1933 ► 1937, withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles ► Germany absorbs Austria in March 1938 ("Anschluss") British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, adopted policy of appeasement toward Germany ►Appeasement: Giving in to an aggressor in order to preserve peace ► Germany takes Czechoslovakia Hitler demands Sudetenland (German-speaking province in Czechoslovakia) REACTIONS OF GERMANS LIVING IN THE SUDETENLAND TO HITLER’S TAKEOVER ► Munich Conference (Sept. 1938): Attended by Germany, France, Britain & Italy ►Czechoslovakia & its ally USSR not invited Terms: Czechoslovakia lost the Sudetenland ►Hitler would not take any more land in Europe Czechs mad fate of their country decided by others March 1939, Hitler invaded rest of Czechoslovakia Soviet poster showing Western powers giving Hitler Czechoslovakia on a dish. Inscription in the flag: "On towards the East!" ► Hitler’s aggression toward Poland starts WWII 1 week after invasion of Czechoslovakia Hitler demanded return of port city of Danzig on Baltic Coast Chamberlain declared Britain would aid Poland if attacked; France followed suit ► Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact--Aug. 23rd, 1939 Hitler wanted to prevent a 2-front war if he invaded Poland Stalin was afraid of Hitler Provisions: ►Public clause: Non-aggression agreement between the 2 countries ►Secret clause: Division of Poland between Hitler & Stalin ►USSR would sell Germany raw materials Pact allowed Germany to invade Poland without Soviet interference ► Sept. 1, 1939, Germany troops invade Poland ► Two days later, Britain & France declared war on Germany; WWII begins ► Sept. 5, 1939: FDR officially proclaimed U.S. neutrality World war ii Axis Germany (1939) Italy (1939) Japan (1940) Hungary (1940) Romania (1940) Bulgaria (1941) vs. Allies Great Britain (1939) France (1939) U.S.S.R. (1941) U.S. (1941) China 43 other countries Axis offensives ► Germany invades Poland--Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg--"lightning war"--new type of warfare ►Combined Luftwaffe, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry Poland unable to successfully defend itself; surrendered Sept. 27, 1939 ► Soviet Union expansion in the East USSR invaded Poland from east about a month after Germany Stalin annexed Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (1940) ►Believed Hitler would one day attack USSR ►Fortified defenses in Baltics Invaded Finland (November 1939) "Winter War" and won in March 1940 ► Neutrality Act of 1939 (response to German invasion of Poland) Britain and France desperately needed U.S. airplanes and other weapons ►Neutrality Act of 1937 forbade sale of weapons to warring countries Sept. 5, 1939: FDR proclaimed U.S. neutrality (not neutral in thought) ►84% of public supported Britain and France Sept. 21, FDR persuaded Congress to allow U.S. to aid European democracies in limited fashion ► Provisions of Neutrality Act of 1939 Sale of weapons to European democracies on a "cash-and-carry" basis ►U.S. would avoid loans, war debts, and torpedoing of U.S. arms- carriers FDR proclaimed danger zones which U.S. ships & citizens could not enter ► Results Democracies benefited as they controlled the Atlantic U.S. economy improved as European demand for war goods helped bring the country out of the recession of 1937-1938 ►Unemployment crisis solved ► German expansion in Western Europe April 1940: conquered Denmark & Norway April 1940, FDR declared Greenland, a possession of conquered Denmark, was covered by the Monroe Doctrine ►U.S. supplied military assistance May 1940: Netherlands, Belgium, & Luxembourg fall Fall of France (June, 1940) ►German troops occupied 2/3 of France & took control of its gov't ►Vichy gov't installed as puppet gov't "Vichy France" GERMAN TROOPS ENTER PARIS HITLER VISITS PARIS FOR THE FIRST AND LAST TIME ► Battle of Britain Hitler's demands to Britain: ►Return of German colonies ►Agree to Germany's domination of continental Europe ►Britain refuses Hitler orders German bombers to attack Royal Air Force (Aug.13) ►Reason: Soften Britain for German invasion Germans bomb London (beginning Sept.7) of bombing tactics--major mistake: first of Hitler’s fatal blunders ►RAF recovered from exhaustion; waves of German planes lost ►Change Results ►RAF defeated the Luftwaffe ►Plans are cancelled for German invasion of Britain ►British morale increased: Winston Churchill’s leadership Firefighters put out flames after a raid Children evacuating London Smoke above LondonTower Bridge ► Tripartite Pact (September, 1940) Japan added to Rome-Berlin axis for mutual defense and military support ► Germany & Italy expand into Balkans & N. Africa: Greece, Yugoslavia, Egypt ► Germany invades Soviet Union in June, 1941 Lebensraum: Hitler sought "living space" for new German Empire in Eastern Europe Germany’s advance halted on outskirts of Moscow in late 1941 (winter set in) Siege of Leningrad lasted two years U.S. eventually sent $11 billion of Lend-Lease aid to the Soviets Russian invasion was Hitler’s second fatal error: opened a second front before Britain was subdued GERMANS ADVANCE ACROSS USSR PHOTOS FROM THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD U.S. response to the war in Europe ► FDR’s "Arsenal of Democracy" speech (Dec 29, 1939) Proclaimed U.S. could not remain neutral: its independence had never been in such danger Nazi war aim was world domination Many feel this speech marked entrance of U.S. into the war The U.S. would become the "Great Warehouse" of the Allies ► U.S. response to fall of France and Battle of Britain Fall of France forced a major change in strategy for U.S.-- now U.S. would probably have to fight in the war; not just be a "great warehouse” FDR called on America to build a huge air force and 2-ocean navy Congress appropriated $37 billion (more than total cost of WWI) and 5X larger than any New Deal annual budget Sept. 1940, Congress passed Selective Service and Training Act ►America’s first peace-time draft Men 21 to 35 were registered and many were called for one year of military training Act later expanded when U.S. entered the war ► Internationalism Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies ►Claimed U.S. couldn’t let Axis powers dominate the world ►Urged direct aid to Britain ►Appealed to isolationists for "All Methods Short of War" to defeat Hitler Roosevelt had strong internationalist sympathies but had to temper them publicly TWO DR. SEUSS CARTOONS AGAINST U.S. NEUTRALITY ► Isolationists: America First Committee ►Slogan: "England will fight to the last American.” ►Advocated U.S. protection of its own shores if Hitler defeated Britain ►Charles Lindbergh ANTI-WAR PROPAGANDA PRO-WAR PROGAGANDA ► Destroyer-Bases Deal Sept. 2, 1940, FDR agreed to transfer to Britain 50 WWI-class destroyers Britain promised U.S. 8 valuable defensive base sites from Newfoundland to South America ►Remain in U.S. control for 99 years Agreement achieved by simple presidential agreement ►Critics charged FDR had circumvented Congress and was trying to get U.S. into the war Election of 1940 ► Republicans nominated Wendell L. Willkie Accused FDR of being a dictator & criticized deficit spending of the New Deal ►Willkie not opposed to New Deal, just its excesses Like FDR, promised to stay out of war & strengthen U.S.’s defenses ►Claimed FDR was a war-monger ► Democrats nominated FDR for a third term FDR vowed to keep U.S. out of the war Vigorously defended the New Deal and U.S. aid to the Allies ► Result: FDR defeated Willkie 449-82; margin closer than 1932 and 1936 elections Democrats maintained their majority in Congress ► "Four Freedoms" speech (January 6, 1941) -made to Congress Now elected, FDR did not have to worry as much about critics FDR asked Congress for increased authority to help Britain Four Freedoms: ►Speech and expression ►Religion ►Freedom from Want ►Freedom from fear Congress responded with Lend-Lease ► Lend-Lease (April 1941) and increase in U.S. involvement European war Provisions: ►Authorized President to give military supplies to any nation he deemed "vital to the defense of the US“ ►Accounts would be settled after war FDR: "Loan a neighbor your hose to save his house from fire; worry about the hose later." Criticism ►Isolationists saw it as "the blank check bill.” ►U.S. even closer to involvement in the war? Results: ►Effectively ended U.S. neutrality ►U.S. war production immediately increased ►Hitler began sinking U.S. ships with German subs Convoy system between began in July ►By war's end, U.S. gave $50 billion worth of arms and equipment to nations, esp. Britain and U.S.S.R. ► U.S. patrol of Western Atlantic April 1941, FDR started the American Neutrality Patrol ►U.S. navy would search German submarines in western half of the Atlantic, warn British of location Convoys ►July 1941, FDR ordered navy to escort lend-lease shipments ►Sept, FDR proclaimed a shoot-on-sight policy on German U-boats ►Nov. 1941, Congress proclaimed merchant ships could now be armed and could enter combat zones Neutrality Law of 1939 now obsolete ► Atlantic Conference and the Atlantic Charter (August 1941) Secret meeting between FDR & Churchill on U.S. warship off Newfoundland ►Held in response to Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union ► Atlantic Charter Accepted by FDR and Churchill and endorsed by Stalin later that year No territorial changes contrary to wishes of the inhabitants (self-determination) Gov’ts abolished by the dictators would be regained Called for “a permanent system of general security” ►Foundation for the United Nations. ► Reaction: Liberals applauded the charter as they had Wilson’s 14 Points during WWI Isolationists condemned neutral U.S. conferring with "belligerent" Britain Escalating tensions with Japan ► Japan’s conquest of Asia resulted in tensions with U.S. US refused to recognize Manchukuo U.S. concerned Japan signed Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany in 1936 Condemned Japanese attack on China in 1937 Roosevelt's famous "Quarantine speech" in 1937 largely aimed at Japan ► Japan outlined the Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere Sought a vast empire in east Asia and Western Pacific Declared the Open Door policy ended ► Embargo of 1940 passed by Congress against Japan (July) U.S. placed embargo on export of aviation gasoline, scrap iron and steel to Japan ► Sept 1940, Japan signed Tripartite Pact: RomeBerlin-Tokyo Axis All agreed to support each other if attacked by the U.S. ► Early 1941, FDR moved U.S. Pacific Fleet from West Coast to Pearl Harbor to demonstrate military readiness ► Embargo of 1941 July, Japan gained military control of southern Indochina U.S. froze Japanese assets in the U.S., closed the Panama Canal to Japan, placed embargo on export of oil to Japan ► Japanese-U.S. negotiations Japan offered withdrawal from southern Indochina if US resumed economic relations ►Japan insisted on remaining in China US demanded Japanese withdraw from Indochina & China, promise not to attack any other area in western Pacific, and withdraw from Tripartite Pact No agreement reached Negotiations an attempt by U.S. to buy time to fortify Philippines and build two-ocean navy authorized by Congress in 1940 October, 1941 Hideki Tojo, expansionist, became Prime Minister Japanese decided if no agreement by November 25, Japan would attack U.S. ► Japanese decision to attack Made during unsuccessful negotiations with U.S. Felt war with US inevitable ►Tried to seize initiative rather than wait and later be in weaker position ►Felt surprise attack would cripple US Japanese war plan: ►Take Dutch East Indies, Malaya, and Philippines to gain oil, metals and other raw materials ►Attack on Pearl Harbor would destroy U.S. Pacific fleet and keep it from interfering with its plans U.S. experts cracked the top-secret code of the Japanese ►Expected Japan to attack in early December the Dutch East Indies and Malaya ►U.S. thought Japan would avoid direct attack on U.S. to avoid provocation ►Evidence that FDR knew about Pearl Harbor unsubstantiated and misleading Pearl Harbor ► Dec. 7th, 1941 (7:55 A.M. Sunday -- second wave at 8:50 A.M.) ► Damage: Japanese sank or badly damaged all 8 battleships inside the Harbor including the Oklahoma and the Arizona Damaged 10 other ships; destroyed 188 planes Over 2,500 Americans killed; 1,100 wounded 3 aircraft carriers escaped destruction--out at sea Photograph from a Japanese aircraft of Pearl Harbor including Battleship Row at the beginning of the attack. The explosion in the center is a torpedo strike on the USS West Virginia ► Roosevelt asked Congress for Declaration of War against Japan (Dec. 8) "a date that will live in infamy” Congress quickly complies ► Germany & Italy declare war against U.S. (three days later) Ally with Japan Hitler's 3rd fatal blunder: Germany didn't have to declare war on U.S.; FDR and Churchill agreed to defeat "Germany first" rather than concentrating on Japan ► U.S. increase of troops--2 to 12 million (1946)