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Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism
Who would you vote for?
Contestant #1
I am a womanizer, have
self-interested policies
and unfortunately suffer
from ailing health.
Contestant #2
I have a drinking habit and
a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3
I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want
to create a stable economy
Totalitarianism
Contestant #1
Contestant #2
Contestant #3
Treaty of Versailles
Total Control
of State by a
Dictator
Black Tuesday 1929
- stock market crashes
Great Depression
during 1930s
Increasing influence of new
political parties that emphasize
state control
-For example: Communism,
Nazism, Fascism
Totalitarianism
• Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state
(political, military, economy, social, cultural)
• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
• Strict controls and laws
• Military state (secret police, army, military)
• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
• Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
• One leader (dictator); charismatic
• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
• Terror and Fear
Dictator
Party/ideology
Laws/police
Mass
communication.
propaganda
Central control
China” Mao Tse Tung
(doc #2,11)
Communism
Red Guard (
worldwide
Communist
Revolution)
Cooperatives appeal
to young (turn
against the old)
denial of human right
violations
People’s Government
(one party system)
Japan (Hideki
Tojo/Emperor
Hirohito) doc #3
Militarism/nationalism
/Shintoism
Bushido reinforced
Shinto militarism
Samurai ethic
Hirohito figurehead(
son of sun Goddess
(Ameratasu)
Stalin/Soviet Union(
doc #4,9)
Communism
KGB ( anti-Semitic)
or any religion
Radio,newspapers,cu
lt of personality
Propaganda
Politburo/Kremlin
Hitler/Germany (
doc# 5,7,8,10)
Nazi (National
Socialist German
Workers Party)
Restoration of
Germany’s master
Aryan race ( antiJew, Communist SS
(secret police)
Lebensraum (living
space)
Film,radio,
newspaper, minister
of propaganda
(Goebbels)
Nazi Party
Socialist party in Havana
See doc #6 32 things
Castro/Cuba ( doc
Socalism/Communis
T.V, Radio, Film,
Cubans can’t do
#6)
m
Newspaper
Doc #10 illustrates life in South Africa under Afrikaaner Apartheid policywhich was the
Racial divisive policy in majority Black South Africa denying non-whites the same
Rights, opportunities and constitutional protections as White Afrikaaners. Mandela’s
Purpose is to expose theses injustices ( see ch 23). He will be sent to prison for 27 years for his protests.
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism,
are completely different theories that are bitterly
opposed; however they exhibit the same behaviour
Communism
Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union
from 1922-1953.
Communism
LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• political, economic and social
system
that creates a “classless society”
• state ownership and control of the
means of production (no private
ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”,
was more of a totalitarian and
military
Fascism
Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of
Italy from 1922 to 1943.
Fascism
RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more
important than individual rights
• maintain class system and
private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived
from the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of
authority consisting of a bundle of rods and
JAPAN
• Emperor Hirohito
– Japanese military was
really in charge.
• System of Government:
Militarism &
Imperialism
• Beliefs: Wanted to
seize new territories
and take control of
natural resources (I.e.,
coal, timber, iron ore,
control of China)
• Invaded the Chinese
state of Manchuria.
Nazism
Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) of Germany
from 1933 to 1945.
Nazism
RIGHT WING
• extremely fascist belief of the National
Socalist German Workers Party (NAZI)
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
• Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Essential Understandings
• Economic disruptions following World War I led
to unstable political conditions
• Worldwide depression in the 1930s provided
opportunities for the rise of dictators in the
Soviet Union, Italy, Germany, and Japan
• The Treaty of Versailles worsened economic
and political conditions in Europe and led to the
rise of totalitarian regimes in Italy and Germany
• Japan emerged as a world power after World
War I and conducted aggressive imperialistic
policies in Asia
Vocabulary
• Fascism: ideology or attitude that favors
dictatorial government, centralized control of
private enterprise, repression of all
opposition, and extreme nationalism.
• Marxist-Leninist Communism: version of a
classless society in which capitalism is
overthrown by a working-class revolution that
gives ownership and control of wealth and
property to the state
• Communism (beginning with Stalin): any
system of government in which a single,
usually totalitarian, party holds power, and
the state controls the economy
TOTALITARIANISM
Totalitarianism
vs.
Older concepts of dictatorship
-Seek to dominate all
aspects of national life
-Seek limited, typically political
control
-Mobilize and make use
of mass political
participation
-Seek pacified and submissive
populations
-Seek the complete
reconstruction of the
individual and society
-Attempt to rule over the
individual and society
Joseph Stalin
1924
Country: Soviet Union
Type of Government: Communism
(dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
•Crushed opponents and took control after
Lenin’s death
•Held absolute authority; suppressed
resistance
•Brought his country to world power status
but imposed upon it one of the most ruthless
regimes in history
•New Economic Policies (NEP)
•Collectivization: exported seized goods and
gained enough capital to finance a massive
industrialization drive
•Rapid industrialization: three 5-year plans
•The Great Purges: KGB = secret police
killed thousands of army officers and
prominent Bolsheviks who opposed Stalin
•Feared the growing power of Nazi Germany
Benito Mussolini
1922
Country: Italy
Type of Government: Fascism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
•Centralized all power in himself as leader
(total control of social, economic, and
political life)
•Ambition to restore the glory of Rome
•Invasion of Ethiopia
•Alliance with Hitler’s Germany
Il Duce
http://www.history.com/topics/the-holocaust/videos#adolf-hitler
Adolf Hitler
1933
Country: Germany
Type of Government: Nazism (dictatorship)
Goals and Ideas:
•Inflation and depression weakened the
democratic government in Germany and
allowed an opportunity for Hitler to rise to
power
•Believed the western powers had no
intention of using force to maintain the
Treaty of Versailles
•Anti-Semitism: persecution of Jews
•Extreme nationalism: National Socialism
(aka Nazism)
•Aggression: German occupation of
nearby countries
•Lebensraum: unite all German speaking
nations
•Anschluss: German union with Austria
Hideki Tojo
Country: Japan
Type of Government: Militarism
Goals and Ideas:
•Though Japan had an emperor, the
military had taken control of the
government
•Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to
the powerful generals, but he was
worshipped by the people, who often
fought in his name
•Industrialization of Japan, lending to a
drive for raw materials – how do you get
raw materials? IMPERIALISM
Hideki Tojo, Military Leader of Japan
Hirohito, Emperor of Japan
•Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the
rest of China (the League of Nations did
nothing)
Guns, tanks, and bombs were the principal weapons of
World War II, but there were other, more subtle forms of
warfare as well
in words, posters, and films a constant battle was
waged for the hearts and minds of Canadians on the
home front just as surely as Canadian military weapons
were used to engage the enemy on the frontlines
A WEAPON OF WAR?
19
a
• Wartime propaganda was aimed at four
main targets
Target
Message
• for each
a
specific
message
was
The enemy
Eventual defeat
emphasized
The allies
Unity, loyalty and victory
Neutral countries
The right of the cause
country
The home front
The need for effort and
sacrifice for victory
20
Intended Target?
21
Causes of World War II
Fascist Aggression:
• Fascist Aggression
– Dictators in Germany, Italy, & Japan wanted to
build empires so they invaded other nations
– Responses to Fascist Aggression
• Appeasement: giving into a nation’s demands in
order to avoid war
– To avoid war with Germany, Great Britain & France allowed
Hitler to rebuild his military and invade other nations
• Isolationism: when a nation keeps to itself and
remains neutral in wars between other nations
– The United States ignored these aggressive actions &
hoped to remain neutral when the war began
22
Causes of World War II:
• The military aggression displayed by Germany, Italy, & Japan was
a significant cause of World War II.
• All three countries wanted to establish empires, & little was done by
the international community, consumed by their own economic woes to
stop them.
• World War II began in 1939, when Hitler invaded Poland & Great
Britain & France abandoned their previous policy of appeasement
as it only encouraged the Axis Powers to continue their drives for
empire, leading to another world war.
23
Intended target?
24
Persuading the public became a wartime industry, almost as important as the
manufacturing of bullets and planes.
The Government launched an aggressive propaganda campaign with clearly
articulated goals and strategies to fire up public support
some of the nation's foremost intellectuals, artists, and filmmakers were
recruited to wage this war
25
Allied & Axis Powers of World
War II:
Allied Powers (Allies)
Axis Powers:
Great Britain
Germany
France
Italy
China
Japan
Soviet Union – From 1941
United States –From 1941
26
Allied Leaders & Roles in World War II:
Country
Leader(s) and Roles in WWII
Great
Britain
Neville Chamberlain – appeased Hitler; tried to avoid war
Winston Churchill – motivated British people to “never
surrender” to the Germans
France
Charles de Gaulle – leader of Free France
Soviet
Union
Joseph Stalin – wanted to spread communism
United
States
Franklin D. Roosevelt – brought U.S. into war
Harry S. Truman – ordered the use of atomic bomb
China
Chiang Kai-Shek – nationalist leader of China
27
Axis Leaders & Roles in
World War II:
Country
Leader(s) and Roles in WWII
Germany Adolf Hitler – wanted to create an empire for
German-speaking people; started the war by
invading neighboring countries
Italy
Benito Mussolini – allied with Hitler so he could
build a large Italian Empire
Japan
Hideki Tojo – military dictator of Japan
Emperor Hirohito – symbolic leader of Japan
who told his people to surrender after atomic
bombs dropped
28
1. What message is
the artist trying to
convey with this
cartoon?
2. How does he feel
about what Hitler did
to Lenin? Explain
your reasoning
29
European Theater:
• European Theater:
– In Europe & the Surrounding Areas:
• Western Front: battles fought in Western Europe
– Mainly Great Britain, France, & the United States vs.
Germany & Italy
• Eastern Front: battles fought in Eastern Europe
– Mainly between Germany& the Soviet Union
• Africa: battles fought in deserts of North Africa
– Allies fought against Germany & Italy
– Germans wanted control of the Suez Canal in order to
have access to the oil-rich Middle East
30
Human Costs of World War II:
• World War II was the most devastating war in history.
• Fighting cost the lives of millions of soldiers on both sides
& sixty million people were killed.
• The majority of European deaths were civilians, as air
bombings there left cities in shambles & the war also destroyed
much of the countryside.
• Many people were homeless & famine and disease spread
through the cities.
• The Holocaust claimed the lives of six million Jews
• Japan lost two million people.
• Tokyo was heavily damaged, while Hiroshima & Nagasaki
were obliterated.
31
World War II Military Deaths:
Nation:
Estimated Military Deaths:
Soviet Union
7,000,000
Germany
3,500,000
China
2,200,000
Japan
1,300,000
Great Britain
350,000
United States
300,000
32
Estimated Number of People Killed by the Nazis:
Jews
Romani (Gypsies)
6,000,000
400,000
Polish Catholics
3,000,000
Ukrainians & Belarusians
1,000,000
Soviet Prisoners of War
3,500,000
Others: Included religious &
political opponents; the seriously
ill; & those whom the Nazis
considered socially undesirable
1,500,000
33
Impact of World War II on Both Civilians & Soldiers:
• The Allied home front played an important role in
winning the war.
– Factories produced weapons & supplies for the war, & many women
worked in the factories.
– The Allies used propaganda to help strengthen support for the war & to
help conserve materials &resources, since there was a shortage of
consumer goods.
34
How Did Anti-Semitism
Become Part of Nazi Ideology:
• Religious & cultural differences coupled with suspicion
& envy had made the Hebrew people frequent scapegoats
during times of crisis throughout the history of Europe.
• Increased movement by Jews into the mainstream of some
European life led to increased prejudice as Jews were
often stereotypically seen as more intellectual & successful
& less nationalistic than others.
35
How Did Anti-Semitism
Become Part of Nazi Ideology (cont.):
• Hitler’s anti-Semitism could have stemmed from these or
numerous other irrational prejudices, but its existence was
used as a rallying point to unite the German people in their
quest “first” in economic recovery & “later” for empire,
Aryan glory & world domination.
• Nazis claimed that the German people were a “master
race” & used the word “Aryan” to describe them. Hitler
claimed that all non-Aryan people were inferior, & he
wanted to eliminate people he considered inferior,
including those of Jewish ancestry, Poles, Russians,
Communists, Gypsies, homosexuals & anyone considered
physically or mentally deficient.
36
Nuremberg Laws:
• Hitler & the Nazi Party passed the Nuremberg Laws in
1935, which denied German citizenship to Jews &
prevented them from marrying non-Jews.
• Jews were also ordered to wear the Star of David so
they could be immediately recognized in public.
37
Krisitallnacht, or “Night of Broken Glass:
• On November 9, 1938, Nazi troops attacked
Jewish businesses, synagogues, &
homes & killed approximately 100 Jews,
known as Krisitallnacht, or “Night of
Broken Glass.”
38
The Holocaust:
the mass murder of over 6 million Jews and other groups
(Gypsies, mentally and physically handicapped, etc.) by German
Nazis.
39
The Holocaust:
• Hitler’s Final Solution:
– Forced Jews across Europe into concentration camps, where they died enroute in cattle cars, were exterminated in specially designed showers &
crematoriums & brutal experiments or barely survived in work camps.
– This genocide, called the Holocaust, occurred in every stage of the
process, but most camps were located in Germany and Poland.
– When prisoners arrived at the concentration camps, they were examined
by SS doctors.
– The Nazi soldiers allowed the strong (mainly men) to live in order to serve
as laborers while many of the women, elderly, young children, & the
disabled were killed soon after arriving at the concentration camps.
– Over six million Jews were killed during the Holocaust & more than 3
million Jews survived.
40
Map of Major Concentration
Camps:
41
The Nuremberg Trials:
• The Nuremberg Trials, conducted in 1945-1946, saw
twenty-two Nazi leaders charged with “crimes against
humanity” for these actions, illustrating to the world that
such behavior was indefensible & unacceptable regardless
of the circumstances that each individual bears
responsibility for his own actions.
• An International Military Tribunal, representing 23
countries, conducted the trials & ten of the Nazi leaders
were hanged & their bodies were burned at a
concentration camp.
42
After WWII
• Totalitarianism continued even through
efforts to prevent it
• Continued in U.S.S.R, China, Decolonized
territories like South Africa
• Continues today in North Korea,
Russia(?), China(?), Venezuela (?), why?
Support for a Jewish Country:
• Support for a Jewish state/homeland (Zionism) increased
after the depth of the Holocaust’s atrocities were revealed
& the country of Israel was founded in 1948 as a
response.
44
Responses to these Social
Outcomes: Mao Zedong
• Did not accept these
outcomes  continuously
strove to combat these
inevitabilities of
industrialization
• Tried to preserve the
“revolutionary spirit” of China
• Mid-1960s = launched the
Great Proletarian Cultural
Revolution
– Designed to combat the
capitalist elements that had
“infiltrated” China
The Cultural Revolution (19661976)
• A campaign against the “Four
Olds” = old thoughts, old
culture, old habits, and old
customs
• Message = revolution and
rebellion is good
• Wanted to put “intellectuals” in
their place
– Many schools were shut down
• Wanted to establish a more
equitable society
– Brought healthcare, education,
and rural industrialization to the
countryside
 Apartheid became law of
land in 1948
 Vote denied to black
Africans and coloreds
 Blacks restricted to
“homelands,” or
“Bantustans” based on
tribal groups
 Black homelands povertystricken – created pool of
labor for white businesses
 All protests against the
state severely repressed by
the police and army
 The African National Congress
(ANC) was outlawed and leaders
(Mandela) jailed or murdered (Biko)
 International boycott weakened the
economy
 Conflicts with guerrillas in Angola and
Namibia seemed endless
 Afrikaner President F. W. De Klerk
began dismantling apartheid system
– freed Mandela
 Mandela elected president in 1994
 Bitterness between whites and
blacks remain – inter-tribal conflict
between Zulus and Xhosas remains
as well