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Chapter 15 – Modern European History
Section Notes
Video
World War I
World War II
Europe since 1945
Impact of the European Union
Close-up
Trench Warfare
World Almanac
The European Union
Quick Facts
Chapter 15 Visual Summary
Maps
Europe, 1900-Today
European Alliances, 1914
World War II in Europe, 1941
A Divided Europe, 1955
Assessment: Europe, 1900-Today
Images
World War I
World War II
Causes and Effects of the Cold War
Fall of Communism
Political Cartoon
Losses of the Major Wartime Powers
in World War II, 1939-1945
World War I
The Big Idea
World War I and the peace treaty that followed
brought tremendous change to Europe.
Main Ideas
• Rivalries in Europe led to the outbreak of World War I.
• After a long, devastating war, the Allies claimed victory.
• The war’s end brought great political and territorial
changes to Europe.
Main Idea 1:
Rivalries in Europe led to the outbreak of
World War I
Causes of World War I
Nationalism, or devotion and loyalty to a country, increased in
the 1800s. People across Europe wanted their countries to
become large and powerful.
As countries grew more powerful, rivalries began. Some
countries were willing to go to war to prove their superiority
over their rivals.
Some countries strengthened their armies and created
stockpiles of new weapons to prove their strength.
Countries also began to form alliances, or agreements to
protect each other, for added protection from their enemies.
The Spark for War
A series of events in 1914 led to the outbreak of World War I:
•
Tensions rose between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, both of
which wanted the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
•
On June 28 a Serbian assassin shot and killed Archduke Francis
Ferdinand, the heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
•
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
•
Serbia turned to its ally, Russia for help. Serbia’s other allies,
Great Britain and France, also joined the war. They were called
the Allied Powers.
•
Germany joined the war on Austria-Hungary’s side. Together
they were known as the Central Powers.
Main Idea 2:
After a long, devastating war,
the Allies claimed victory.
The War •
Begins
Trench
Warfare
The War
at Sea
Germany sent troops into Belgium and France. The
Allies stopped them outside Paris.
•
Russia attacked the Central Powers from the east,
forcing them to fight on two fronts.
•
Both sides dug deep ditches along the font lines.
•
Trench warfare was dangerous, both from fighting and
from hunger and disease as well. Millions of soldiers
died, and neither side gained an advantage.
•
New weapons, such as machine guns, poison gas, and
tanks, were created to fight soldiers in trenches.
•
The British navy blocked supplies from reaching
Germany.
•
German U-boats attacked British ships.
The Allies Win
For three years the war was a stalemate. In 1917, however, it
began to turn in favor of the Allies:
•
German U-boats began to attack American ships. The United
States warned Germany to stop, but these warnings were
ignored.
•
As a result the United States joined the Allied Forces.
•
Newly arrived American troops gave the Allies an advantage,
though the Russians soon dropped out of the war.
•
Germany renewed its attack on the Allies, but that attack was
stopped.
•
The Central Powers surrendered in the fall of 1918.
Main Idea 3:
The war’s end brought great political and
territorial changes to Europe.
Effects of World War I
• More than 8.5 million soldiers killed
• 20 million more soldiers wounded
• Leaders of the Allied countries met at Versailles in France to
discuss the terms for peace after the war. Their decisions were
recorded in the Treaty of Versailles. According to the treaty,
Germany had to:
– Accept blame for starting the war
– Reduce the size of its army and give up its overseas colonies
– Pay billions of dollars for damages caused during the war
Political Changes
After World War I
Russia
• World War I caused great
hardship for people.
• During the war a revolution
forced the czar, or emperor,
out of power.
• Vladimir Lenin took over
Russia’s government and
established Communism in
Russia.
• Communism is a political
system in which the
government owns all
property and controls all
aspects of life.
Europe
• The German Empire was
replaced by a German
republic.
• Austria and Hungary
became separate countries.
• Poland and Czechoslovakia
gained independence.
• Yugoslavia was created.
• Finland, Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania became
independent.
World War II
The Big Idea
Problems in Europe led to World War II,
the deadliest war in history.
Main Ideas
• Economic and political problems troubled Europe in the
years after World War I.
• World War II broke out when Germany invaded Poland.
• Nazi Germany targeted the Jews during the Holocaust.
• Allied victories in Europe and Japan brought the end of
World War II.
Main Idea 1:
Economic and political problems troubled
Europe in the years after World War I.
Economic Problems
• World War I destroyed
factories and farmland all
over Europe.
• Many European countries
borrowed money from U.S.
banks.
• In 1929 a U.S. stock
market crash began the
Great Depression.
• American banks had no
money to loan to Europe,
so European economies
declined.
Political Problems
• Many Europeans blamed
weak government for their
economic troubles. They
wanted strong dictators
to run their countries.
• In Russia Vladimir Lenin
formed the Communist
Soviet Union.
• Benito Mussolini took
power in Italy.
• Adolf Hitler and the Nazi
Party rose to power in
Germany.
Main Idea 2:
World War II broke out when
Germany invaded Poland.
Italian and German aggression led to World War II:
•
1935
Italy invaded Ethiopia. Italy and Germany formed the RomeBerlin Axis.
•
1938
Germany annexed Austria. Britain and France protested the
annexation, but did not try to stop it.
•
1938–1939
Germany conquered Czechoslovakia, over the objections of
many other countries. Italy invaded Albania.
•
1939
Germany invaded Poland, which Great Britain and France had
sworn to protect. In response to the invasion, they declared war
on Germany. This began World War II.
World War II Begins
The Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan
The Allies
fought
• France
• Great Britain
• Soviet Union
Early in the war the Axis Powers were successful.
• After defeating Poland Germany conquered much of Western
Europe, including France.
• The German air force launched attacks against British cities and
other targets, hoping to force the British to surrender.
• Germany invaded Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, while Italy
invaded North Africa.
• Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Main Idea 3:
Nazi Germany targeted the Jews
during the Holocaust.
• The Holocaust was the attempt by the Nazi government during
World War II to eliminate Europe’s Jews.
• The Nazis believed that Germans were a superior race, and they
tried to destroy people they thought were inferior, especially the
Jews. Their efforts began even before World War II.
• During the war the Nazis used mass executions and death
camps, such as Auschwitz in Poland, to murder millions of Jews.
• Some Jews resisted the Nazis. Some non-Jews, such as Oskar
Schindler of Germany, also tried to save Jews from the Nazis.
Few were able to avoid the Holocaust, though.
• By the end of World War II, some 6 million Jews and millions of
non-Jews had been killed by the Nazis.
Main Idea 4:
Allied victories in Europe and Japan
brought the end of World War II.
End of
the War
Results of
the War
•
The United States joined World War II after the attack
on Pearl Harbor.
•
In 1943, American and British troops forced Italy to
surrender. Soviet troops forced Germany to retreat.
•
The D-Day invasion of 1944 allowed the Allies to
advance into German territory.
•
In May of 1945 Germany surrendered.
•
In August of 1945 the United States dropped atomic
bombs on Japan, which then surrendered.
•
More than 50 million people died.
•
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from
the war as the world’s strongest countries.
•
The United Nations was formed.
Europe Since 1945
The Big Idea
After years of division during the Cold War,
today Europe is working toward unity.
Main Ideas
• The Cold War divided Europe between democratic and
Communist nations.
• Many Eastern European countries changed boundaries and
forms of government at the end of the Cold War.
• European cooperation has brought economic and political
change to Europe.
Main Idea 1:
The Cold War divided Europe between
democratic and Communist nations.
• The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from
World War II as superpowers, or strong and influential
countries. The two soon grew to distrust each other.
• This distrust led to the Cold War, a period of tense rivalry
between the United States and the Soviet Union.
• Much of the hostility between the two countries stemmed
from political and economic differences:
– The United States is a democracy with an economy based on
free enterprise.
– The Soviet Union was a Communist country in which
freedoms were limited. Its leaders exerted strong control
over both politics and economics.
A Divided Europe
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
• Supported democracy and
the United States
• Practiced Soviet-style
Communism
• Members of NATO
• Members of Warsaw Pact
• Experienced much
economic growth after
World War II
• Failed to develop after World
War II and suffered many
shortages
• Germany was divided between Western and Eastern Europe.
- West Germany was part of Western Europe and democratic.
- East Germany was part of Eastern Europe and Communist.
• The city of Berlin was also divided into East and West Berlin.
Main Idea 2:
Many Eastern European countries changed
boundaries and forms of government at the
end of the Cold War.
The Cold War came to an end in the late 1980s through the
efforts of American and Soviet leaders.
American president Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev worked to slow the arms race between the two
countries. Gorbachev also introduced many reforms in the
Soviet Union, including democratic elections.
In part because of these reforms, democratic movements swept
through Eastern Europe. Countries threw off Communism, and
the Berlin Wall was torn down. In 1991 the Soviet Union broke
apart.
Changes in Eastern Europe
• Germany
– East and West Germany reunified after 45 years of division. The
Berlin Wall was torn down.
• Soviet Union
– Former Soviet republics became independent countries. Among them
were Russia, Ukraine, Lithuania, and Belarus.
• Czechoslovakia
– Czechoslovakia peacefully broke apart into two countries: the Czech
Republic and Slovakia.
• Yugoslavia
– Ethnic conflicts triggered violence between groups. Several former
republics of Yugoslavia declared their independence, but ethnic
groups fought for territory. Years of civil war resulted in thousands of
deaths. In the end, Yugoslavia split into five countries.
Main Idea 3:
European cooperation has brought economic
and political change to Europe.
A European Community
• After World War II some leaders thought that working together was
the only way to avoid another world war.
• In the 1950s several European countries created a common market,
a group of nations that cooperates to make trade easier.
The European Union
• Over time more countries joined the common market. Today it is
known as the European Union or EU and has 25 members.
• Members of the EU work together on issues such as trade, migration,
and the environment. By working together, EU members can compete
economically with countries like the United States and Japan.
• The EU is helping to unify Europe. Since 1999, for example, many EU
members have used a common currency, the euro.
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