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The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment for much of Europe after World War I. The rise of rulers with total power in Europe and Asia led to World War II. Nationalism – loyalty to one’s country above all else. Joseph Stalin – became leader of Russia after Lenin’s death in 1924. His last name means “man of steal.” He made agriculture and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union. He abolished privately owned farms and replaced them with collectives – large government-owned farms. Totalitarian Government – Stalin maintained complete control over its citizens. Individuals have no rights. Benito Mussolini – leader of Italy, who established a totalitarian government. He established the Fascist Party. Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individuals. He called himself IL Duce, or “the leader.” Adolf Hitler – became leader of Germany much the same way Mussolini did in Italy. He called himself Der Fuhrer or “the leader.” Was sent to prison for the crime of treason. While in prison wrote the book “Mein Kampf or My Struggle.” This became the blue print for the Nazi Party. 3 elements of Nazism: Nazism, the German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism. Purification – Hitler believed that Aryans (blue eyed, blond hair) formed a master race. Inferior races (Jews, Slavs, and non-whites) were to serve the Aryans. Lebensraum, or living space. This meant that Hitler wanted to get land back that he felt was rightfully Germany’s. Francisco Franco – Spanish general who lead a rebellion against the Spanish republic. Hitler and Mussolini supported him, with their assistance; Franco became Spain’s fascist dictator. Neutrality Acts – Congress passed these acts in hope of keeping America out of war. Neville Chamberlain – Prime Minister of England who signed the Munich Agreement. This agreement gave the Sudetenland area back to Germany. Appeasement – giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. Winston Churchill felt this is what happened through the Munich Agreement. Non-aggression Pact – Stalin signed this pact with Hitler in 1939. They also agreed to split Poland. Hitler now felt Germany did not have to fight a two front war, as they did in WWI. This allowed Germany to implement their new military strategy of blitzkrieg, or lightning war. This was accomplished through the Luftwaffe (German air force) and fast tanks. Charles de Gaulle – French general who fled to England and set up a government-in-exile. Battle of Britain – Starting in August 1940, Germany’s Luftwaffe bombed London every night for two months. England’s Royal Air Force (RAF) fought back and out lasted the Luftwaffe. Holocaust – the systematic murder of 11 million people across Europe, more than half whom were Jews. Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their German citizenship, jobs, and property. Jews had to wear a large yellow Star of David so the Nazis would easily identify them. Kristallnancht or “Night of Broken Glass.” On November 9 –10, 1938, Nazis storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany. Hitler’s “Final Solution” – Hitler wanted to rid Europe of all Jews. He instituted the policy of genocide, the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population. This not only included the Jews, but the Gypsies, Freemasons, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Ghettos – Jews were ordered into these areas and were sealed off with barbed wire and stone walls. Bodies piled up in the ghettos faster than they could be removed. Concentration Camps (labor camps) – prisoners were crammed into crude wooden barracks that held up to a thousand people. Inmates worked from dawn to dusk. It was at these concentration camps that the Germans began to use poison gas to mass exterminate the inmates. America began to move away from its neutrality policy when Germany, Italy and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty. These three nations became known as the Axis Powers. Lend-Lease Act – this act allowed the president to lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the United States.” Atlantic Charter – Britain and the U.S. pledged the following: collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas. Hideki Tojo – chief of staff of Japan’s Kwantung Army. He gave the order to the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on the United States (Pearl Harbor). The Unites States had no choice but to enter the war after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The government instituted the Selective Service System and young men were drafted into the military. George Marshall – U.S. General who was Army Chief of Staff at the start of WWII. He pushed for the formation of a Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC). These women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. Discrimination – African Americans, Native Americans, Mexican Americans, and Asian Americans were not treated equally. Military leaders did not feel these ethnic groups were able to contribute to the war effort in the same manner as White Americans. However, by the end of the war each of these ethnic groups had proved the leaders wrong. Production – America quickly turned its factories into a war- producing machine. Car factories started making tanks, airplanes, boats, and command cars. Shipyards were able to construct ships within a week. Labor – By 1944, 18 million workers were working in the war industries, six million were women and 2 million were minorities. The minorities had to fight for these jobs. A. Phillip Randolph, President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, organized a march on Washington demanding that employers and labor unions hire African Americans. Manhattan Project – was the code name for the research and development of the atomic bomb. J. Robert Oppenheimer – American scientist that led the development of the atomic bomb. Office of Price Administration (OPA) – fought inflation by freezing prices of most goods. They also set up a system of rationing for goods deemed essential to the military. Two front war for America: Europe/North Africa & Pacific Churchill convinced Roosevelt to strike against Hitler first. The Americans turned their attention to the Battle of the Atlantic. The Americans needed to secure the shipping lanes so war supplies could reach Europe. Battle of Stalingrad – The Soviets lost a total of 1,100,000 soldiers, more than all American deaths during WWII, but the Soviet victory marked a turning point in the war. Dwight D. Eisenhower – American general who commanded the troops in North Africa. He went on to become Supreme Commander in Europe. His troops defeated the German Afrika Korps, led by General Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox). From here American forces crossed the Mediterranean into southern Italy. Mussolini was stripped of his powers, however, Germany continued to fight the Americans for this territory. Tuskegee Airman – pilots of the all-black 99th Pursuit Squadron. D-Day – code name “operation overload” started on June 6, 1944. Under Eisenhower’s command, American and British forces landed on the Northern beaches of France. General Omar Bradley and General George Patton troops led the battle to liberate France. Battle of the Bulge – Germany’s last offensive assault on the Allied Troops. With the German Army defeated, American and Russian forces pushed toward Germany, where they liberated the death camps. Yalta Conference – The war was not over, but Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt met in the resort city of Yalta in Russia. V-E Day – ‘Victory in Europe Day” On May 8, 1945, General Eisenhower accepted Germanys unconditional surrender. President Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day, on April 12, 1945 he died of a stroke and Vice President Harry S. Truman became president. General Douglas MacArthur – Commander of Allied forces on islands. Doolittle’s Raid – Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle led 16 bombers over Tokyo. It picked up the American spirits and dampened the Japanese spirits. Battle of the Coral Sea – It was the first time that the Japanese had been stopped and turned back. Also, it was the first time that the fighting was done by airplanes. Battle of Midway – It took place in June of 1942 and was the turning point in the war in the pacific. Admiral Chester Nimitz led the Americans and Admiral Yamamoto led the Japanese. Nimitz was the commander of American navel in the pacific. Yamamoto was the Admiral who planned and carried out the attack on Pearl Harbor. Kamikaze – Japanese pilots who flew their bomb-laden planes into allied ships. Iwo Jima & Okinawa – Two islands that the Americans took from the Japanese. The Americans were now close enough to invade the island of Japan. Hiroshima & Nagasaki – On August 6, 1945, a bomber plane by the name of Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb, code name “little boy.” Three days later another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, code name “fat boy.” Nuremberg Trials – The leaders of Germany were put on trial for the crimes that they had committed during WWII. Economic Gains - The war years were good ones for working people. Unemployment fell to a low of 1.2 %. Average weekly paychecks rose 35% during the war. Population Shift – People looked for work outside of where they had lived for years. They moved toward the factories. This included over 1.2 million African-Americans moving away from the south. Social Adjustments – Men came home from the war to reacquaint themselves with their wife and get to know their children. The government also past the GI Bill of Rights, this allowed veterans to go to college for free and provided federal loan guarantees to buy homes, farms, or businesses. Civil Rights – Despite the opportunities for minorities during the war, old policies and prejudices and policies persisted. James Farmer founded an organization called Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to confront urban segregation in the south. Mexican Americans also had to fight through prejudice in Los Angeles. Zoot Suits were a style of dress adopted by Mexican-American youths as a symbol of their rebellion against tradition. Interment Camps – Places where Japanese-Americans were held during the war. The American government argued that they were places in the camps for national security.