Download West Between the Wars 7th Grade

THE
WEST
BETWEEN
THE
WARS
Chapter 17
Section 1
The Futile
Search for
Stability
UNEASY
PEACE,
UNCERTAIN
SECURITY
A Weak League of Nations
• Ineffective in maintaining peace
• US didn’t join the League
–Americans didn’t want to be
involved in Europe’s affairs
–US Senate refused to ratify the
Treaty of Versailles
French Demands
• France demanded war reparations
from Germany
–$33 billion paid in annual installments
of $2.5 billion
–First payment in 1921
• 1922 Germany said they were unable
to pay more
–France outraged; sent troops to
Germany to occupy Ruhr Valley (their
industrial/mining center)
Inflation in Germany
• Passive resistance to French occupation
• German workers went on strike
• Gov’t printed more paper money, adding to
inflation
– German marks were
worthless
• 1914 - 4.2 marks = $1
• 1923 – 130 billion marks
= $1
INFLATION!!
• If you print more money than the amount of
gold you have, the money becomes less
valuable
• Hyperinflation
– government prints more money  businesses
raise prices  government prints more money 
businesses raise prices  etc.
– eventually money becomes worthless
Inflation in Germany
• Poor economy led to political
upheavals in Germany & France
• DAWES PLAN
–Reduced German reparations
–Coordinated German payments
with its ability to pay
–US granted $200 million loan for
German recovery
THE TREATY OF LOCARNO
• Prosperity in Germany and France led to
cooperation between the two countries
• Foreign ministers signed TREATY OF LOCARNO
– Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders
with France and Belgium
– New era of peace in Europe
• “France and Germany Ban War Forever”
• Germany joined League of Nations
• Kellogg-Briand pact
THE TREATY OF LOCARNO
• Prosperity in Germany and France led to
cooperation between the two countries
• Foreign ministers signed TREATY OF LOCARNO
– Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders
with France and Belgium
– New era of peace in Europe
• “France and Germany Ban War Forever”
• Germany joined League of Nations
• Kellogg-Briand pact
THE GREAT
DEPRESSION
CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
• ECONOMIC DEPRESSION – a period of
low economic activity and rising
unemployment.
• Causes –
1. Economic downturns in European
countries in late 1920s
2. International financial crisis
involving the US stock market
RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION
• 1932 – worst year of the depression
–25% of Britains unemployed
–40% of Germans unemployed
• Govt’s didn’t know how to deal
–Tried to cut costs by lowering wages
and raising tariffs
–Only made it worse
Democratic
states
after the
war
Germany
• After Germany’s defeat in WWI, a new
democratic state was created – the Weimar
Republic.
• Problems
–No outstanding leaders
–Economic problems
France
• France became the strongest power in Europe
after the defeat of Germany.
• Due to more balance economy, France didn’t
feel effects of the Great Depression till 1932.
• Political chaos – six different cabinets formed in
19-mth period
• June 1936 – coalition of leftist parties
(Communists, Socialists, Radicals) formed the
Popular Front government.
Great Britain
• Lost many markets for industrial products during the
war
– Rise in unemployment
• Rebounded / limited prosperity from 1925-1929
• Labour Party (largest in Britain) failed to solve economic
problems and fell from power in 1931.
• Conservatives claimed credit for bringing Britain out of
depression by using balanced budgets and protective
tariffs
• JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES – argued that unemployment
came not from overproduction, but from a decline in
demand.
United States
• Strongly affected by Great Depression
• 1932 – US industrial production fell 50% from 1929 levels
• 1933 – more than 12 million unemployed
• NEW DEAL - Policy of govt. intervention in
the US economy
–
–
–
–
–
–
FDR
Increased program of public works (WPA)
US welfare program
Social Security Act
Prevented social revolution in the US
Did not solve unemployment problems
Section 2
The rise of
dictatorial
regimes
The
rise of
dictators
• By 1939
• Democratic states – France & Great
Britain
• Dictatorial regimes – Italy, Soviet Union,
Germany.
• TOTALITARIAN STATE – government
that aims to control the political,
economic, social, intellectual, and
cultural lives of its citizens.
FASCISM
IN ITALY
Benito Mussolini
Rise of Fascism
• FASCISM glorifies the state above
the individual by emphasizing the
need for a strong central
government led by a dictatorial
ruler.
Rise of Fascism
• Problems in Italy after WWI
–Inflation grew
–Industrial and agricultural workers
staged strikes
–Socialists wanted revolution
Rise of Fascism
• SQUADRISTI – bands of black-shirted, armed
Fascists
– Attacked socialist newspapers & newspapers
– Used violence to break up strikes
• Mussolini’s movement grew quickly
– Middle-class fear of socialism, communism, and
disorder made Fascism attractive
– Mussolini played on Italy’s sense of nationalism by
demanding more land for Italy (from WWI peace
settlement)
Rise of Fascism
• 1922 - Fascists threatened to march on Rome if
they weren’t given power.
• Italian king gave in and made Mussolini P.M.
• Mussolini used his power as P.M. to create a
Fascist dictatorship.
– Police given unrestricted authority to arrest/jail
– 1926, all other political parties in Italy outlawed
• Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce, “The Leader.”
The Fascist State
• Complete control over the people
–Secret police
–Controlled all media  propaganda
–Organizations  Fascist youth groups
• Mussolini never achieved the degree
of totalitarianism as Hitler or Stalin
The Fascist State
• Mussolini gained the support of
the Catholic Church by giving the
church money and official
recognition.
A NEW
ERA IN
THE
SOVIET
UNION
Joseph stalin
Lenin’s New Economic Policy
• New Economic Policy (NEP) –
modified capitalist system Lenin
used to avoid economic disaster.
• 1922 – Lenin and the Communists formally
created a new stated called the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR) or the Soviet Union.
• NEP saved the USSR from complete economic
disaster, even though Lenin meant for it to be
only a temporary retreat from the goals of
communism.
The Rise of Stalin
• Lenin died in 1924 prompting a struggle for
power among the seven members of the
Politburo.
• POLITBURO – the leading policy-making body of
the Communist Party was severely divided over
the future direction of the USSR.
– Leon Trotsky
– Joseph Stalin – used his post as general
secretary to gain complete control of the
Communist Party.
Stalin’s Five-Year Plans
• Set economic goals for five-year periods.
• There were two Five-Year Plans.
• Purpose – transform the USSR from an
agricultural into an industrial economy.
• First Five-Year Plan
– Stalin seized assets, including farms and factories,
and reorganized the economy.
– However, these efforts often led to less efficient
production, ensuring that mass starvation swept the
countryside.
– To mask the disastrous results of the plan, Stalin
maintained export levels, shipping food out of the
country even as rural residents died by the hundreds
of thousands.
– Any protest of his policies resulted in immediate
death or relocation to a gulag (a prison camp in the
remote regions of the nation).
• Little provision was made for caring for the
expanded labor force in the cities
– The number of workers increased
– Total investment in housing decreased
– Result  millions of workers and families lived in
pitiful conditions
• Wages declined
• Strict laws limited where workers could move
• Gov’t propaganda stressed the need for sacrifice
to create the new socialist state
• With rapid industrialization came an equally rapid
collectivization of agriculture.
• COLLECTIVIZATION – a system in which
private farms were eliminated . Instead, the
gov’t owned all of the land while the
peasants worked it.
• Peasants strongly resisted Stalin’s plans
– Hoarded crops
– Killed livestock
– Led Stalin to step up the program
• 1930—10million peasant households collectivized
• 1934—26million family farms collectivized into 250,000
units
Costs of Stalin’s Programs
• Collectivization led to famine
– 10million peasants died
– Stalin allowed each collective farm worker to have one tiny,
privately owned garden plot
• Stalin strengthened control over party bureaucracy – those
who resisted were sent to forced labor camps
• Great Purge of 1930s
– Old Bolsheviks, army officers, diplomats, union officials, party
members, intellectuals, ordinary citizens
– 8million Russians arrested or sent to labor camps
• Social legislation overturned
– Families thought of as collectives; parents responsible for teaching
children hard work, duty, discipline
– Divorced fathers fined for not supporting children
Authoritarian
states
in the
west
Francisco franco
Spain
• Democracy failed
• Francisco Franco – Spanish military forces
revolted against the democratic government.
• 1936 Bloody civil war began
– Fascist Italy and Germany aided Franco’s forces with
arms, money, men
– USSR aided Spanish republican govt with men, trucks,
planes, tanks, military advisers
• 1939 civil war ended when Franco’s forces captured
Madrid
Section 3
HITLER and
NAZI GERMANY
HITLER
AND HIS
VIEWS
ADOLF HITLER
Hitler’s Ideas
• Racism, especially anti-Semitism (hatred
of Jews)
• Extreme nationalist who understood how
political parties could use propaganda &
terror
• Need for struggle
Hitler’s Rise in Politics
• 1919 – joined German Workers’ Party
(right-wing extremist nationalist party)
• 1921 – controlled the party which was
renamed National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Nazi for short
– 55,000 members
– 15,000 in the party militia
• SA , Storm Troops, Brownshirts
Hitler’s Rise in Politics
• 1923 – he staged the Beer Hall Putsch (an
armed uprising against the govt in Munich)
– Quickly crushed
– Hitler sentenced to prison where he wrote Mein
Kampf (My Struggle)
•
•
•
•
Extreme German nationalism
Strong anti-Semitism
Anticommunism
Right of superior nations to lebensraum (living space)
through expansion.
• Right of superior individuals authoritarian leadership over
the masses
Rise of Nazism
• While in prison, Hitler realized the Nazis
would to have to attain power legally thru
politics, not thru violent overthrow of the
Weimar Republic.
• After his release, Hitler expanded the Nazi
Party to all parts of Germany. By 1932 it
had become the largest party in the
Reichstag (German parliament).
Rise of Nazism
• A factor in leading many Germans to
accept Hitler and the Nazis was the belief
that he had ended Germany’s economic
depression.
• Hitler promised to create a new Germany
– Appealed to national pride
– Appealed to national honor
– Appealed to traditional militarism
Victory of Nazism
• After 1930, the Reichstag had little power
• Hitler saw that controlling the parliament
wasn’t very important
• More and more right-wing elites looked to
Hitler for leadership
– He had mass support to create a right-wing,
authoritarian regime that would save Germany and
people in privileged positions from a Communist
takeover
• 1933—Hindenberg agreed to allow Hitler to
become chancellor and create a new gov’t.
Victory of Nazism
• Within 2 months, Hitler had laid the
foundation for the Nazis complete control
over Germany.
• His crowning step of his “legal seizure” of
power was the Enabling Act (1933)
– Allowed Hitler to establish a totalitarian state by giving
the government the power to ignore the constitution
for four years while it issued laws to deal with the
country’s problems.
– This act gave his actions a legal basis
• He no longer needed the Reichstag or President Hindenburg
• He became a dictator appointed by the parliament
The Nazi State, 1933-1939
• Hitler wanted to develop a totalitarian Aryan
racial state to dominate Europe & the world
for generations to come.
– Term misused by the Nazis to identify their
master race
• Nazis believed there had already been two
German empires (or Reichs)
– The Holy Roman Empire
– German Empire of 1871 to 1918
• Hitler wanted to create a Third Reich, the
empire of Nazi Germany
• Nazis used different ways to create this
totalitarian state
–Economic policies
–Mass spectacles
–Organizations
–Terror
• Toward women
• Toward Jews
Hitler Youth
• All German youth ages 10-18
were expected to join
• Oath – “In the presence of this
blood banner [Nazi flag], I
swear to devote all my energies
an my strength to the savior of
our country, Adolf Hitler. I am
willing and ready to give up my
life for him, so help me God.”
• Uniforms
• Males –
camping /hiking
trips, sports,
evenings in
youth “homes.”
All activities
were
competitive and
meant to
encourage
fighting and
heroic deeds.
• Training included
military arts
• 10-14 yr old boys
trained with small
arms and practiced
with dummy hand
grenades.
• 14-18 yr old boys
bore army packs
and rifles on
camping trips
• League of German
Girls, 10-18 yr old
• Uniforms – white
blouse, blue anklelength skirt, sturdy
hiking shoes
• Camping & hiking
• Mainly taught
domestic skills
• Nazi women were
expected to be
faithful wives and
dutiful mothers
• Nazi Germany was the scene of constant conflict,
resulting in administrative chaos.
• Schutzstaffeln (“Guard Squadrons”) known as the SS
– Created as Hitler’s bodyguards
– Heinrich Himmler was director
– Controlled the secret police forces AND the
regular police forces
– SS based on two principles
• Terror – secret police, criminal police,
concentration, execution squads, death camps
• Ideology – to further the Aryan master race
• Hitler’s plan to end the depression
–Public works projects
–Grants to private construction firms
–Rearmament program
• Unemployment dropped
• Regime claimed full credit
• Many people accepted Hitler and the Nazis
because of their part in bringing an end to the
depression
• Women were crucial to the Aryan state as
bearers of children, who would bring about
the triumph of the Aryan race.
• Men were destined to be warriors / political
leaders
• Women were to be wives / mothers
– Couldn’t hold jobs which might hinder them from
bearing healthy children
– Married women couldn’t be university teachers, doctors,
or lawyers
– “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll
sooner find a groom!”
Anti-Semitism
• Nuremberg Laws
–excluded Jews from German citizenship
–forbade marriages between Jews and
German citizens
–required Jews to wear yellow Stars of
David and carry ID cards saying they
were Jewish
• More violent phase
–Kristallnacht – “night of shattered glass”
–A destructive Nazi rampage against the
Jews
• Burned synagogues, destroyed 7,000 Jewish businesses
• 100 Jews killed, 30,000 males sent to concentration camps
• Jews barred from all public transportation and public buildings
(schools, hospitals)
• Jews prohibited from owning, managing, or working in retail
stores
• Jews forced to clean up all debris and damage due to
Kristallnacht
• Jews encouraged to “emigrate from Germany”
Section 4
Cultural AND
intellectual
trends
• Joseph Goebbels – propaganda minister
of Nazi Germany.
• The Triumph of the Will – documentary
of the 1934 Nuremberg party rally that
forcefully conveyed to its viewers the
power of National Socialism.
• Kraft durch Freude – program that
offered a variety of leisure activities to fill
the free time of the working class.
• Dadaists - artists who tried to express in
their art their revulsion for what they saw
as the insanity of life.
• Salvador Dali – Surrealist artist who
painted everyday objects but separated
them from their normal contexts; painted
a world in which the irrational became
visible.
• Hermann Hesse – author of Siddhartha
and Steppenwolf.
• James Joyce’s novel, Ulysses, is the most
famous example of the “stream of
consciousness” technique.
• The Triumph of the Will – documentary
film of the 1934 Nuremberg Nazi party
rally.
Things you WILL see
again!!
Describe the goals of Joseph Stalin’s Five-Year Plans.
• Set economic goals for five-year periods
• Purpose--transform the USSR from agricultural to industrial
country
• The first Five-Year Plan emphasized maximum production of
capital goods and armaments
– Quadrupled production of heavy machinery
– Doubled oil production
– Steel production increased from 4 million to 18 million tons per
year
– With rapid industrialization came a rapid collectivization of
agriculture
– Private farms eliminated as government took ownership of all the
land
Explain how the uncertainty of post-World War I
society was mirrored in the world of physics.
• Classic Newtonian physics—all phenomena could be
completely defined and predicted.
• German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained the
uncertainty principle.
– Physicists knew atoms were made of smaller parts.
– Behavior of these subatomic particles is unpredictable (thus
the foundation for Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle)
– Heisenberg’s theory all physical laws are based on
uncertainty.
– The emphasis on randomness challenged Newtonian physics
and thus, in a way, represents a new worldview, mirroring the
uncertainty that was present in post-World War I society.
Describe the two factors that played a major role in
the start of the Great Depression.
• A series of downturns in the economies of individual
nations in the second half of the 1920s.
– Prices for farm products, especially wheat, were falling rapidly
because of overproduction.
• International financial crisis involving the U.S. stock market.
– October, 1929, the US stock market crashed, stock prices plunged.
– Panicked US investors withdrew funds they had invested in
Germany and European markets weakened the banks of Europe.
• Trade slowed down
• Industrial production declined
• Unemployment rose
• The Great Depression had begun.
Describe the role of women under Hitler’s Nazi
regime.
• Women played a crucial role
• Bearers of children who would bring about the triumph of
the Aryan race
• Nazis believed men were destined to be warriors and
political leaders
• Women were meant to be wives and mothers
• Nazis discouraged women from taking jobs that might
prevent them from having babies
• Encouraged women to be nurses and social workers