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THE WEST BETWEEN THE WARS Chapter 17 Section 1 The Futile Search for Stability UNEASY PEACE, UNCERTAIN SECURITY A Weak League of Nations • Ineffective in maintaining peace • US didn’t join the League –Americans didn’t want to be involved in Europe’s affairs –US Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles French Demands • France demanded war reparations from Germany –$33 billion paid in annual installments of $2.5 billion –First payment in 1921 • 1922 Germany said they were unable to pay more –France outraged; sent troops to Germany to occupy Ruhr Valley (their industrial/mining center) Inflation in Germany • Passive resistance to French occupation • German workers went on strike • Gov’t printed more paper money, adding to inflation – German marks were worthless • 1914 - 4.2 marks = $1 • 1923 – 130 billion marks = $1 INFLATION!! • If you print more money than the amount of gold you have, the money becomes less valuable • Hyperinflation – government prints more money businesses raise prices government prints more money businesses raise prices etc. – eventually money becomes worthless Inflation in Germany • Poor economy led to political upheavals in Germany & France • DAWES PLAN –Reduced German reparations –Coordinated German payments with its ability to pay –US granted $200 million loan for German recovery THE TREATY OF LOCARNO • Prosperity in Germany and France led to cooperation between the two countries • Foreign ministers signed TREATY OF LOCARNO – Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium – New era of peace in Europe • “France and Germany Ban War Forever” • Germany joined League of Nations • Kellogg-Briand pact THE TREATY OF LOCARNO • Prosperity in Germany and France led to cooperation between the two countries • Foreign ministers signed TREATY OF LOCARNO – Guaranteed Germany’s new western borders with France and Belgium – New era of peace in Europe • “France and Germany Ban War Forever” • Germany joined League of Nations • Kellogg-Briand pact THE GREAT DEPRESSION CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION • ECONOMIC DEPRESSION – a period of low economic activity and rising unemployment. • Causes – 1. Economic downturns in European countries in late 1920s 2. International financial crisis involving the US stock market RESPONSES TO THE DEPRESSION • 1932 – worst year of the depression –25% of Britains unemployed –40% of Germans unemployed • Govt’s didn’t know how to deal –Tried to cut costs by lowering wages and raising tariffs –Only made it worse Democratic states after the war Germany • After Germany’s defeat in WWI, a new democratic state was created – the Weimar Republic. • Problems –No outstanding leaders –Economic problems France • France became the strongest power in Europe after the defeat of Germany. • Due to more balance economy, France didn’t feel effects of the Great Depression till 1932. • Political chaos – six different cabinets formed in 19-mth period • June 1936 – coalition of leftist parties (Communists, Socialists, Radicals) formed the Popular Front government. Great Britain • Lost many markets for industrial products during the war – Rise in unemployment • Rebounded / limited prosperity from 1925-1929 • Labour Party (largest in Britain) failed to solve economic problems and fell from power in 1931. • Conservatives claimed credit for bringing Britain out of depression by using balanced budgets and protective tariffs • JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES – argued that unemployment came not from overproduction, but from a decline in demand. United States • Strongly affected by Great Depression • 1932 – US industrial production fell 50% from 1929 levels • 1933 – more than 12 million unemployed • NEW DEAL - Policy of govt. intervention in the US economy – – – – – – FDR Increased program of public works (WPA) US welfare program Social Security Act Prevented social revolution in the US Did not solve unemployment problems Section 2 The rise of dictatorial regimes The rise of dictators • By 1939 • Democratic states – France & Great Britain • Dictatorial regimes – Italy, Soviet Union, Germany. • TOTALITARIAN STATE – government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. FASCISM IN ITALY Benito Mussolini Rise of Fascism • FASCISM glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler. Rise of Fascism • Problems in Italy after WWI –Inflation grew –Industrial and agricultural workers staged strikes –Socialists wanted revolution Rise of Fascism • SQUADRISTI – bands of black-shirted, armed Fascists – Attacked socialist newspapers & newspapers – Used violence to break up strikes • Mussolini’s movement grew quickly – Middle-class fear of socialism, communism, and disorder made Fascism attractive – Mussolini played on Italy’s sense of nationalism by demanding more land for Italy (from WWI peace settlement) Rise of Fascism • 1922 - Fascists threatened to march on Rome if they weren’t given power. • Italian king gave in and made Mussolini P.M. • Mussolini used his power as P.M. to create a Fascist dictatorship. – Police given unrestricted authority to arrest/jail – 1926, all other political parties in Italy outlawed • Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce, “The Leader.” The Fascist State • Complete control over the people –Secret police –Controlled all media propaganda –Organizations Fascist youth groups • Mussolini never achieved the degree of totalitarianism as Hitler or Stalin The Fascist State • Mussolini gained the support of the Catholic Church by giving the church money and official recognition. A NEW ERA IN THE SOVIET UNION Joseph stalin Lenin’s New Economic Policy • New Economic Policy (NEP) – modified capitalist system Lenin used to avoid economic disaster. • 1922 – Lenin and the Communists formally created a new stated called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or the Soviet Union. • NEP saved the USSR from complete economic disaster, even though Lenin meant for it to be only a temporary retreat from the goals of communism. The Rise of Stalin • Lenin died in 1924 prompting a struggle for power among the seven members of the Politburo. • POLITBURO – the leading policy-making body of the Communist Party was severely divided over the future direction of the USSR. – Leon Trotsky – Joseph Stalin – used his post as general secretary to gain complete control of the Communist Party. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans • Set economic goals for five-year periods. • There were two Five-Year Plans. • Purpose – transform the USSR from an agricultural into an industrial economy. • First Five-Year Plan – Stalin seized assets, including farms and factories, and reorganized the economy. – However, these efforts often led to less efficient production, ensuring that mass starvation swept the countryside. – To mask the disastrous results of the plan, Stalin maintained export levels, shipping food out of the country even as rural residents died by the hundreds of thousands. – Any protest of his policies resulted in immediate death or relocation to a gulag (a prison camp in the remote regions of the nation). • Little provision was made for caring for the expanded labor force in the cities – The number of workers increased – Total investment in housing decreased – Result millions of workers and families lived in pitiful conditions • Wages declined • Strict laws limited where workers could move • Gov’t propaganda stressed the need for sacrifice to create the new socialist state • With rapid industrialization came an equally rapid collectivization of agriculture. • COLLECTIVIZATION – a system in which private farms were eliminated . Instead, the gov’t owned all of the land while the peasants worked it. • Peasants strongly resisted Stalin’s plans – Hoarded crops – Killed livestock – Led Stalin to step up the program • 1930—10million peasant households collectivized • 1934—26million family farms collectivized into 250,000 units Costs of Stalin’s Programs • Collectivization led to famine – 10million peasants died – Stalin allowed each collective farm worker to have one tiny, privately owned garden plot • Stalin strengthened control over party bureaucracy – those who resisted were sent to forced labor camps • Great Purge of 1930s – Old Bolsheviks, army officers, diplomats, union officials, party members, intellectuals, ordinary citizens – 8million Russians arrested or sent to labor camps • Social legislation overturned – Families thought of as collectives; parents responsible for teaching children hard work, duty, discipline – Divorced fathers fined for not supporting children Authoritarian states in the west Francisco franco Spain • Democracy failed • Francisco Franco – Spanish military forces revolted against the democratic government. • 1936 Bloody civil war began – Fascist Italy and Germany aided Franco’s forces with arms, money, men – USSR aided Spanish republican govt with men, trucks, planes, tanks, military advisers • 1939 civil war ended when Franco’s forces captured Madrid Section 3 HITLER and NAZI GERMANY HITLER AND HIS VIEWS ADOLF HITLER Hitler’s Ideas • Racism, especially anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews) • Extreme nationalist who understood how political parties could use propaganda & terror • Need for struggle Hitler’s Rise in Politics • 1919 – joined German Workers’ Party (right-wing extremist nationalist party) • 1921 – controlled the party which was renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Nazi for short – 55,000 members – 15,000 in the party militia • SA , Storm Troops, Brownshirts Hitler’s Rise in Politics • 1923 – he staged the Beer Hall Putsch (an armed uprising against the govt in Munich) – Quickly crushed – Hitler sentenced to prison where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle) • • • • Extreme German nationalism Strong anti-Semitism Anticommunism Right of superior nations to lebensraum (living space) through expansion. • Right of superior individuals authoritarian leadership over the masses Rise of Nazism • While in prison, Hitler realized the Nazis would to have to attain power legally thru politics, not thru violent overthrow of the Weimar Republic. • After his release, Hitler expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of Germany. By 1932 it had become the largest party in the Reichstag (German parliament). Rise of Nazism • A factor in leading many Germans to accept Hitler and the Nazis was the belief that he had ended Germany’s economic depression. • Hitler promised to create a new Germany – Appealed to national pride – Appealed to national honor – Appealed to traditional militarism Victory of Nazism • After 1930, the Reichstag had little power • Hitler saw that controlling the parliament wasn’t very important • More and more right-wing elites looked to Hitler for leadership – He had mass support to create a right-wing, authoritarian regime that would save Germany and people in privileged positions from a Communist takeover • 1933—Hindenberg agreed to allow Hitler to become chancellor and create a new gov’t. Victory of Nazism • Within 2 months, Hitler had laid the foundation for the Nazis complete control over Germany. • His crowning step of his “legal seizure” of power was the Enabling Act (1933) – Allowed Hitler to establish a totalitarian state by giving the government the power to ignore the constitution for four years while it issued laws to deal with the country’s problems. – This act gave his actions a legal basis • He no longer needed the Reichstag or President Hindenburg • He became a dictator appointed by the parliament The Nazi State, 1933-1939 • Hitler wanted to develop a totalitarian Aryan racial state to dominate Europe & the world for generations to come. – Term misused by the Nazis to identify their master race • Nazis believed there had already been two German empires (or Reichs) – The Holy Roman Empire – German Empire of 1871 to 1918 • Hitler wanted to create a Third Reich, the empire of Nazi Germany • Nazis used different ways to create this totalitarian state –Economic policies –Mass spectacles –Organizations –Terror • Toward women • Toward Jews Hitler Youth • All German youth ages 10-18 were expected to join • Oath – “In the presence of this blood banner [Nazi flag], I swear to devote all my energies an my strength to the savior of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.” • Uniforms • Males – camping /hiking trips, sports, evenings in youth “homes.” All activities were competitive and meant to encourage fighting and heroic deeds. • Training included military arts • 10-14 yr old boys trained with small arms and practiced with dummy hand grenades. • 14-18 yr old boys bore army packs and rifles on camping trips • League of German Girls, 10-18 yr old • Uniforms – white blouse, blue anklelength skirt, sturdy hiking shoes • Camping & hiking • Mainly taught domestic skills • Nazi women were expected to be faithful wives and dutiful mothers • Nazi Germany was the scene of constant conflict, resulting in administrative chaos. • Schutzstaffeln (“Guard Squadrons”) known as the SS – Created as Hitler’s bodyguards – Heinrich Himmler was director – Controlled the secret police forces AND the regular police forces – SS based on two principles • Terror – secret police, criminal police, concentration, execution squads, death camps • Ideology – to further the Aryan master race • Hitler’s plan to end the depression –Public works projects –Grants to private construction firms –Rearmament program • Unemployment dropped • Regime claimed full credit • Many people accepted Hitler and the Nazis because of their part in bringing an end to the depression • Women were crucial to the Aryan state as bearers of children, who would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. • Men were destined to be warriors / political leaders • Women were to be wives / mothers – Couldn’t hold jobs which might hinder them from bearing healthy children – Married women couldn’t be university teachers, doctors, or lawyers – “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom!” Anti-Semitism • Nuremberg Laws –excluded Jews from German citizenship –forbade marriages between Jews and German citizens –required Jews to wear yellow Stars of David and carry ID cards saying they were Jewish • More violent phase –Kristallnacht – “night of shattered glass” –A destructive Nazi rampage against the Jews • Burned synagogues, destroyed 7,000 Jewish businesses • 100 Jews killed, 30,000 males sent to concentration camps • Jews barred from all public transportation and public buildings (schools, hospitals) • Jews prohibited from owning, managing, or working in retail stores • Jews forced to clean up all debris and damage due to Kristallnacht • Jews encouraged to “emigrate from Germany” Section 4 Cultural AND intellectual trends • Joseph Goebbels – propaganda minister of Nazi Germany. • The Triumph of the Will – documentary of the 1934 Nuremberg party rally that forcefully conveyed to its viewers the power of National Socialism. • Kraft durch Freude – program that offered a variety of leisure activities to fill the free time of the working class. • Dadaists - artists who tried to express in their art their revulsion for what they saw as the insanity of life. • Salvador Dali – Surrealist artist who painted everyday objects but separated them from their normal contexts; painted a world in which the irrational became visible. • Hermann Hesse – author of Siddhartha and Steppenwolf. • James Joyce’s novel, Ulysses, is the most famous example of the “stream of consciousness” technique. • The Triumph of the Will – documentary film of the 1934 Nuremberg Nazi party rally. Things you WILL see again!! Describe the goals of Joseph Stalin’s Five-Year Plans. • Set economic goals for five-year periods • Purpose--transform the USSR from agricultural to industrial country • The first Five-Year Plan emphasized maximum production of capital goods and armaments – Quadrupled production of heavy machinery – Doubled oil production – Steel production increased from 4 million to 18 million tons per year – With rapid industrialization came a rapid collectivization of agriculture – Private farms eliminated as government took ownership of all the land Explain how the uncertainty of post-World War I society was mirrored in the world of physics. • Classic Newtonian physics—all phenomena could be completely defined and predicted. • German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained the uncertainty principle. – Physicists knew atoms were made of smaller parts. – Behavior of these subatomic particles is unpredictable (thus the foundation for Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle) – Heisenberg’s theory all physical laws are based on uncertainty. – The emphasis on randomness challenged Newtonian physics and thus, in a way, represents a new worldview, mirroring the uncertainty that was present in post-World War I society. Describe the two factors that played a major role in the start of the Great Depression. • A series of downturns in the economies of individual nations in the second half of the 1920s. – Prices for farm products, especially wheat, were falling rapidly because of overproduction. • International financial crisis involving the U.S. stock market. – October, 1929, the US stock market crashed, stock prices plunged. – Panicked US investors withdrew funds they had invested in Germany and European markets weakened the banks of Europe. • Trade slowed down • Industrial production declined • Unemployment rose • The Great Depression had begun. Describe the role of women under Hitler’s Nazi regime. • Women played a crucial role • Bearers of children who would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race • Nazis believed men were destined to be warriors and political leaders • Women were meant to be wives and mothers • Nazis discouraged women from taking jobs that might prevent them from having babies • Encouraged women to be nurses and social workers