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April 15 – April 19 Chapter 32 The Road to War • Austria is Annexed by Germany, March 1938 • Hitler wanted to Annex parts of Czechoslovakia – Leads to the Munich Conference – Britain and France use “Appeasement” • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – Wouldn’t attack each other – Agreed to divide Poland • USA adopts isolationism: doesn’t want to get into another European War World War II Begins in Europe • Blitzkrieg: Lightning War – Nazis invade Poland, September 1, 1939 – Soviet Union invades Poland on September 17 – Great Britain and France declare war • Fall of France – Nazis go around Allied forces, invade Belgium – British troops evacuate France at Dunkirk, May 26 – June 4, 1940 – Paris falls on July 14, 1940 – Vichy France (South), Occupied France (North) World War II Begins in Europe • Battle of Britain – Starting in the summer of 1940, German Luftwaffe (air force) begins bombing Britain – Was considered a preparation for a possible invasion – Royal Air Force (RAF), although outnumbered, slowly gains the upper hand – By May 1941, Hitler gives up on taking Britain, turns focus elsehwere • Eastern Europe – Hitler allies with or takes over most of the Balkans by spring of 1941 – Hitler invades the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941 in “Operation Barbarossa” World War II in the Pacific • Japan conquers most of China, Manchuria, and starts attacking European colonies by 1940 (Asia for the Asians) • US President Roosevelt cuts off oil shipments to Japan in July of 1941 • Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941 • Early Japanese Victories: – Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Burma all fall to Japan by spring of 1942. – Bataan Death March: 20,000 Allied POWs killed Who is Fighting Who • Axis Powers – Germany – Italy – Japan • Allied Powers – Great Britain – France – Soviet Union (after 1941) – United States (after 1941) Tide Turns in the Pacific • Doolittle Raid: Bomb Tokyo, revenge for Pearl Harbor • Battle of Coral Sea: New type of naval battle, fought from the air. • Battle of Midway: Turning point in the Pacific, June 7, 1942 • Battle of Guadalcanal, September 1942February 1943 – Going on the offensive, “Island of Death” Tide turns in Europe • Allies open second front: – North Africa in late 1942, Italy in July 1943 • Battle of Stalingrad: August 1942 – February 1943 – 99% of the city destroyed – Germans take the city, then surrounded by the Soviets – Soviets loose over 1 million men but capture the Germans – After this battle, Germany is on the defensive Victory in Europe • D-Day Invasion, June 6, 1944 – British and American troops land on the beaches in Normandy, Northern France – By September of 1944, France has been liberated • Battle of the Bulge – Last military offensive by the Nazis – December 16, 1944: Germans find weak point in allied lines – Americans eventually turn the tide and push the Germans back • Germany Surrenders – Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 – Germany surrenders on May 9, 1945 • President Roosevelt dies on April 12, Vice President Truman now in charge. Victory in the Pacific • Philippines liberated in October, 1944 • Iwo Jima (March 1945), Okinawa (April 1945) – Fierce fighting, hundreds of thousands killed – Puts Allied forces 350 miles from Japan • The Atomic Bomb – Allied commanders feared that invasion of Japan would cost too many lives – First atomic bomb tested on July 16, 1945 – August 6, 1945: bomb dropped on Hiroshima – August 9, 1945: bomb dropped on Nagasaki – September 2, 1945: Japan surrenders.