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CHANGE & NEW BEGINNINGS
The Interwar Years
(1919-1939)
PROBLEMS
How was society affected
by the aftermath of war?
RECONSTRUCTION
Causes for
Euro Depression
Crash of American
Economy
(decline of world
trade)
WWI DEBTS/
DESTRUCTION
UNEMPLOYMENT
80
70
60
50
World
Trade (in
billions
of U.S. $)
40
30
Cost in Dollars in
1914-18
United States
22,625,253,000
10
Russia
22,293,950,000
0
Italy
12,413,998,000
Germany
37,775,000,000
20
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
"Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by
Germans on the destroyed town hall of Péronne.
German cemetery at Bethune.
MAIN IDEA?
Germany, 1923
What might you want if you lived in a country
with these conditions?
Economic problems made
people want CHANGE
A new form of government
emerges in Europe…
Rise of Totalitarian Governments
(to control all aspects of life)
POLITICAL
• State more
important than
individuals
• 1-PARTY
•Dictator
SOCIAL
• Citizens
denied
basic
rights
• Secret
Police to
enforce
policies
ECONOMIC
• GOV
controls
business
• Business &
labor exists to
fulfill state
objectives
(communism)
Groups for “Create Your Own” Totalitarian State”
Dan
Scott
Connor
Stephen
Chris L
Ryan
Zach
Jeremy
Val
Jenna
Lindsay
Dillon
Tom
Talyah
Chelsea
Michele
Kevin
Brian
Mitch
Anthony
Becca
Liz
Megan
Chris M
Luke
Andrew
Evan
Teddy
Jesse
Case Studies:
USSR:
Italy:
Germany:
Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler
LENIN
Case Studies: Totalitarianism
1. GOAL(S)
2. METHOD
3. OUTCOME
Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution
• Poor economic conditions
• Bolsheviks (communists)
– Led by Lenin (Reds)
– Overthrow capitalism (& czar)
• Promises:
– Peace (WWI), land, bread
• Creation of the USSR
– Union of Soviet Socialists
Republics
Case Study: VI Lenin
1.
2.
Goal: Communism
Methods:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3.
revolution
distributes land to peasants
surplus food distributed
factories controlled by workers (public ownership)
Cheka = secret police; Red Army
Outcome/Effects:
a.
Low production
i. Switches goal: New Economic Policy
- Allow for some private enterprise
- Peasants may sell surplus
- Economy improves
Economic Systems answer the following questions:
1. What to produce
2. How to produce?
3. Who to produce for?
Economic Systems DIFFER in deciding
WHO is making these decisions!
Why was Communism appealing?
(How do you get there?)
1st Step: Encourages proletariat to REVOLT
and take control of the factors of production!
2nd Step: “Dictatorship of the proletariat”
3rd Step: A classless society will emerge
where all people share wealth and power;
working cooperatively for the “common good”
4th Step: (pure communism): government
withers away (NEVER HAPPENED!)
Lenin Dies
(1924)
POWER STRUGGLE
Leon Trotsky
Murdered in
Mexico by
a Stalinist
agent
Joseph Stalin
Supported by
Communist
Party
A) Goals
B) Methods
C) Effects
Joseph Stalin~“Man of Steel”
1. Personal Glorification
Goals
2. “Five-Year” Plans
3. Collectivization
“Beloved Stalin – A Fortune of the
Nation”
“Long live
the great
Stalin”
“We know of the friendship between Stalin and the
“We Will
Turn the Five
Year Plan
into a Four
Year One”
“Help Build The
Gigantic
Factories”
“Let's send
millions of
qualified worker
cadres to the 518
new factories
and production
units”
"Come,
comrades,
to join us in
the
collective
farm."
“You Too Can Be A Hero”
Stalin = “Man of Steel”
Program #2: Five Year Plans
• Results:
• Goal:
– to make the SU a
modern industrial
power
– Mass production;
economic growth
• Strategy:
– Command Economy ~
ALL economic activity
under gov control
– Peasants kill animals,
destroy tools, burn
crops
– Angry peasants grow
just enough to
survive
• Gov seizes grain
– starvation/fami
ne
– Execution of kulaks
or death from being
overworked
Stalin = “Man of Steel”
Program #3: Collectivization
• Goal: Revolution in
agriculture
• Strategy:
– forced peasants to give
up plots of
land/animals and live
on state owned farms
(collectives)
– Kulaks (wealthy
peasants) targets
• Sent to labor camps
– Gulags
• Results:
– Peasants kill animals,
destroy tools, burn
crops
– Angry peasants grow
just enough to survive
• Gov seizes grain
– starvation/famine
– Execution of kulaks or
death from being
overworked
Stalin = “Man of Steel”
Program #1: Purges & Glorification
• Goal:
– Personal Glorigification;
eliminate threats to rule •
• Paranoia
• Methods:
– Cheka ~ Secret Police
– Targets: Political rivals,
ethnic groups, religious
leaders, ordinary people,
kulaks (landowners)
– Gulags (labor camps),
trials
Results:
– 4 mill purged;
800,000 executed
– Purged 90% of
nation’s military
officers
– Rule by FEAR
Stalin = “Man of Steel”
Program #1: Personal Glorification
• Goal:
– To attain complete devotion, respect and love
(worship)
• Strategy:
– Youth organizations; military edu
– Statues/icons of Stalin
– Atheism: belief in no god replaced Christianity
– Churches/synagogues seized; priests killed
– Sacred Text: Writings of Marx, Lenin
• Results:
– MIXED!
BELIEVE,
OBEY,
FIGHT
(Mussolini’s
slogan!)
Benito Mussolini
Il Duce – “the leader;” founds National Fascist Party
Prime Minister -1922
Mussolini is NOT a communist
• People have the right to own private property
– Dictator may control your business
• He does not promise equality or collective
ownership
EMBLEM of
Fascist Party
Fasces:
ancient
Roman
symbol for
unity/strength
of state
Conditions in Italy – Post-WWI
• Unemployment
• Poverty
• Political weakness - Versailles
Roman Empire - 200
Glory of the past!
“War is to the male as childbearing is to the female”
Mussolini’s Solutions
Mussolini, 1932
“The League of Nations has
been an Anglo-French tool to
maintain Anglo-French
dominance in the world.
There is no advantage for us
in maintaining the peace as it
was formulated at Versailles.
It is our interest to set the
Nations and history on the
move.”
What is Mussolini’s opinion on
the League of Nations?
Case Study: Mussolini
• Goal:
– To make Italy a powerful nation
• Methods:
– Fascism, to imperialize, ignore Versailles,
German alliance
• Effects:
– Economy improves, strong centralized
government, fear prevails
Aim: How does Hitler win the support of the German people?
Nazi Party Election Poster - 1932 Top caption: “Enough! End it Now!”
1. How is the Nazi party
portrayed in this poster?
2. Why do you think the Nazis
want to convey this message
to the German people?
3. What are the Nazis referring
to in the phrase, “end it
now?”
4. According to the poster, how
are the Nazis going to deal
with Germany’s grievances?
Bottom caption: “Vote Hitler!”
Who was Adolf Hitler?
1. Serves in German army – WWI
(Austrian)
2. Joins Nationalist Party aka Nazi
Party; gains popularity (1919)
a. Fascist
b. Party Emblem = Swastika
3. Attempts government overthrow
(Weimar Republic) b/c
a. Treaty of Versailles; blamed
for post-war problems
4. Imprisoned
a. Writes, Mein Kampf (“My
Life”); reflects his ideas
What were Hitler’s ideas for Germany?
Ideas/Promises
Rebuild
Military/
German
Empire
Improve
Economic
Conditions
Creation of
“Master Race”/
Lebensraum
Promise to reverse Versailles!
January 30, 1933
Adolf Hitler
appointed Chancellor
•End of Weimar
Republic
• “Enabling Act” –
Hitler establishes
dictatorship
The Gestapo is Born…April
1933
• Nazi Brown-Shirts
• Secret State Police
(Geheime Staats
Polizei) ~ Gestapo
– S.S
• Police prohibited
from interfering with
their actions
Hitler’s Domestic Policy
Interests within Germany
Holocaust Studies ~ The Beginnings
(1933)
1. What do the following photographs
illustrate?
2. What methods were used by the Germans
to fulfill their objective?
3. What feelings come to mind when you see
these photos?
Nuremberg Laws – Sept. 1935
1. Summarize the MEANING of the
following three laws.
2. Explain the PURPOSE of the following
three laws.
3. How do you feel about the laws? Why?
Krystallnacht – (NOV 1938)
“Night of the Broken Glass”
• Answer the questions that follow the
reading.
"Germans! Defend Yourselves! Don't buy from
Jews!" Berlin, Germany, April 1, 1933
Why didn’t the Jews leave Hitler’s
Germany…or did they?
Task:
Read source, “Documentation Required for
Emigration from Germany”
Do Now: Why would leaving Germany be difficult
if you were a German Jew in the 1930’s?
Steps Toward War: Hitler’s Foreign Policy
Interests outside Germany
Early German Aggression
I. Into the Rhineland (March 1936)
• Demilitarized
Zone
– Violation of
Versailles
2. Anschluss
Union of Austria/Germany (1938)
3. Sudetenland
West. Czech
(German population)
- Munich Pact 9/’38
(Hitler & Chamberlain)
G.B. P.M.
Chamberlain APPEASES Hitler
- Democracies pledge to protect Poland
Munich Conference (1938)
Meeting to discuss Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland
A Way to Keep the peace?
Democratic Attitude:
• Giving into the demands of an aggressor in
order to keep peace
– Not responding/noninvolvement
• Voters demand “no more war”
– Disgust w/WWI
•
•
•
•
Maybe Versailles was too harsh?
Hitler was a defense against communism?
Suffering from Great Depression
U.S. passes Neutrality Acts
– Forbids sale of arms to any nation at war
Who do you agree with,
Chamberlain or Churchill? Why?
"You were given the choice
between war and dishonor. You
chose dishonor, and you will
have war."
-Churchill
(in a speech given to the House of Commons)
Japanese Aggression –1937
1. Seizes Manchuria (E. China)
a. Resources
b. No sanctions
Italian Aggression
1. Invasion of Ethiopia
a. No sanctions
“Axis Powers”
Germany
Japan
Italy
Would not interfere with
each other’s plans for
expansion! (Tripartite pact)
ALLIED RESPONSE:
APPEASEMENT
On Sept. 1, 1939 German troops
invade Poland
World War II begins…
World War II
1939-1945