Download Chapter 29 The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929-1949

Chapter 29
Collapse of the
Old Order
1929-1949
The Stalin Revolution:
Five Year Plans
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humble origins
visionary
skillful administrator
rose within the
Communist Party
• eliminated Leon
Trotsky and all rivals
• Ruthlessly
Industrialized the
Soviet Union
The Stalin Revolution:
Five Year Plans
• Oct 1928, Stalin
devised a series of
Five-Year Plans
• Centralized state
control over the
economy
• Industrialization
achieved extremely
rapidly
• No concern for the
environment
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Peasants were
squeezed to pay for the
massive investments
required by the FiveYear Plans
• Provide labor & food for
new industrial workers
• Small farms were
consolidated into large
collectives
• Supplied the
government with a
fixed amount of food &
distributed what was
left among their
members
Collectivism of Agriculture
• Collectivism attempted
to organize the
peasants into an
industrial way of life
and to bring them
firmly under the
control of the
government
• violently suppressed
the better-off peasants
(the kulaks)
• disrupted agricultural
production
• caused a famine that
killed 5 million after
the bad harvests of
1933-34
Collectivism of Agriculture
• The Second Five-Year
Plan (1933-1937) was
originally intended to
increase the output of
consumer goods
• Fear of the Nazi
regime caused Stalin
to shift the emphasis
to heavy industries
and armaments
• Consumer goods
became scarce and
food was rationed
Terror and Opportunities
• industrialization and
collectivization could only be
carried out by threats and by
force
• NKVD (secret police) created
a climate of terror
• SU was able to industrialize
faster than any other country
• Stalinism created new
opportunities
– for women to join the work
force
– for obedient unquestioning
people to rise within the ranks
of the Communist Part, the
military, the government, or
their professions
One of the goals of collectivization was to introduce modern farm machinery. This
poster shows delighted farmers operating new tractors and threshers.
• In the late 1930’s, the contrast between the economic
strength of the Soviet Union and the Depression
troubles of the capitalist nations gave many the
impression that Stalin’s planned economy was a success
The Depression:
Economic Crisis
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consumers cut purchases
companies laid off workers
small farms failed
N.Y. banks recalled loans to
Germany & Austria
– couldn’t pay reparations to
France & Britain
– France & Britain couldn’t
repay their war loans to US
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US passed Smoot-Hawley
tariff act
– Other countries followed suit
• world trade declined by 62%
between 1929 & 1932
Depression in Industrial
Nations
• France & Britain escaped
worst-forced colonies to
purchase their products
• Japan & Germany suffered
more-relied on exports to pay
for imports of food & fuel
• In US, Britain, France,
governments tried to
stimulate economies w/
Programs like New Deal
• Germany & Japan devoted
their economies to military
build-up
• hoped to acquire empires
large enough to support selfsufficient economies
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Depression in Nonindustrialized Regions
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Spread to Asia, Africa, Latin
America unevenly
India and China not dependent
on foreign trade- thus little
affected.
Countries that depended on
exports of raw materials or
tourism devastated
Latin America- led to military
dictatorships-tried to solve
economic problems by imposing
authoritarian control over their
economies
Southern Africa boomed during
1930’s
increasing value of gold &
relatively cheaper copper
deposits of Northern Rhodesia &
Belgian Congo led to mining
boom that benefited European &
South African mine owners
The Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• In postwar Italy, thousands of
unemployed veterans &
violent youths banded
together to demand action,
intimidate politicians, & serve
as strong-arm men for factory
& property owners.
• Benito Mussolini, former
socialist, became leader of
Fascist Party-forced
government to appoint him
prime minister
The Rise of Fascism:
Mussolini’s Italy
• Mussolini installed
Fascists to all
government jobscrushed all opposition
– excelled at propaganda
and glorified war
– foreign policy cautious
• Italian Fascist
movement imitated in
most of Europe, Latin
America, China, & Japan
Hitler’s Germany
• Germany was hard-hit by:
– its defeat in WWI
– hyperinflation in 1923
– Depression
• blamed socialists, Jews,
foreigners
• became leader of National
Socialist German Workers’
Party (Nazis)
• led unsuccessful uprising in
Munich in 1924
• In 1925, published Mein
Kampf
– his racial theories
– his aspirations for Germany
– proposal to eliminate all Jews
from Europe
Hitler’s Germany
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Nazis gained support from unemployed & from property owners
Hitler assumed the post of chancellor in March 1933 and assumed dictatorial power
declared himself Fuhrer of the “Third Reich” in August 1934
Hitler’s economic & social policies were effective
led to economic boom, low unemployment, & rising standards of living
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Public Works Contracts
Military Build-up
Women encouraged to give up jobs to men
The Road to War,
1933-1939
• Hitler’s goal =
territorial conquest
• Built up military
• Tested the reactions
of other powers by:
– withdrew from
League of Nations
– introduced
conscription
– established air force
– Italy invaded Ethiopia
in 1935
– Hitler sent ground
troops into Rhineland
in 1936
The Road to War,
1933-1939
• No serious objections from France, Britain, or
US
• Hitler invaded Austria in 1938-demanded
German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia
Why was the response to Hitler so
weak?
• Appeasement
– Fear of war
– Feared
communism
more than
Germany
– Believed Hitler
could be trusted
Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlain, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Edouard
Daladier, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, Galeazzo Ciano
After Munich?
• Hitler could not be stopped
short of war
• March,1939, invaded
Czechoslovakia
• Inspired France & Britain to
ask for Soviet help
• Hitler/ Stalin already
negotiating Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Divide Poland between
them
Nazi-Soviet Pact
East-Asia, 1931-1945:
The Manchurian Incident of 1931
• Ultranationalists,
believed Japan could
end its dependence on
foreign trade if it had a
colonial empire in
China
• Junior officers blew up
railway in Manchuria
• Excuse for invasion
• Built heavy industries
& railways -sped up
rearmament
• At home, government
became more
authoritarian &
militaristic
Chinese Communists and the Long March
• Challenge to Chiang-Kai
shek came Communist Party
• Chiang arrested & executed
Communists, forced
survivors to flee to remote
mountains
• Guerilla warfare & policies
won support of peasants
• Forced them to Shaanxi in
1935
http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/images/longmarc.gif
Mao Zedong
1893-1976
• Farmer’s son
• Deviated from traditional
Marxist-Leninists
• Redistribute land from
wealthy to poor peasants to
gain peasant rather than
industrial worker support
for social revolution
• Advocate of women’s
equality
• Party reserved leadership
positions for men (for
warfare)
Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945
• July 7, 1937, Japanese
troops attacked Chinese
forces near Beijing
• Launched full invasion of
China
• U.S & League of Nations
made no efforts to stop
Japanese invasion
• Chinese troops poorly led &
trained
• Unable to prevent Japan
from controlling coastal
provinces
The Second World War: War of Movement
• motorized weapons gave
back advantage to offensive
– Germany’s blitzkrieg
(lightning war)
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American & Japanese
aircraft carriers
• fighting ranged over vast
theaters of operation
• populations & economies of
entire continents mobilized
• civilians legitimate targets
War in Europe & North Africa
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took less than month for Germany to
conquer Poland
After lull during winter of 1939–1940,
Hitler went on offensive- made him
master of Europe between Spain &
Russia by end of June
attempt to invade Britain foiled by
British Royal Air Force’s victory in the
Battle of Britain (June–September
1940)
In 1941, Hitler launched massive
invasion of Soviet Union; his forces,
successful at first
but stopped by winter weather of
1941–1942 - finally defeated at
Stalingrad in February 1943, failing in
his last chance of winning the war
Al Alamein
• In Africa, the Italian
offensive in British
Somaliland & Egypt,
although initially successful,
was turned back by British
counterattack
• German forces came to
assist Italians, but defeated
at Al Alamein in northern
Egypt by British, who had
more weapons, supplies &
better intelligence
War in Asia and the Pacific
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In July 1941, Japan occupied
Indochina; US & Britain stopped
shipments of steel, scrap iron, oil, &
other products that Japan needed
Japanese chose war, hoped surprise
attack on US would be so shocking
that Americans would accept
Japanese control over Southeast Asia
Japan attacked American forces at
Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
,occupied all of Southeast Asia &
Dutch East Indies within few months
By June 1942, US destroyed four of
Japan’s six largest aircraft carriers;
aircraft carriers were key to victory
in Pacific
Japan did not have industrial
capacity to replace them, Japan
faced with long & hopeless war
The End of the War
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By 1943, Soviet Red Army received supplies
from factories in Russia & US.
Soviet offensive in east, combined w/ Western
invasions of Sicily & Italy in 1943 & France in
1944, defeated Germany in May 1945
By May 1945, American bombing & submarine
warfare devastated Japanese economy & cut
Japan off from sources of raw materials
Asians who had initially welcomed Japanese as
liberators from white colonialism now eager to
see the Japanese leave
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki in
August 1945 convinced Japan to sign terms of
surrender early the next month
Though some wondered if atomic bombing of
Hiroshima & Nagasaki necessary, U.S.
government officials argued it ended war a year
earlier & saved hundreds of thousands of
American soldiers’ lives
Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory
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After Japanese surrender, Guomindang &
Communist forces began civil war that
lasted until 1949
Guomindang had advantage- more troops
& weapons & American support, but its
brutal & exploitative policies & printing
worthless paper money eroded popular
support
Communists built up forces w/ Japanese
equipment gained from Soviets &
American equipment gained from
deserting Guomindang soldiers
Won popular support, esp. Manchuria, by
carrying out radical land reform program
On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong
announced founding of People’s Republic
of China
Chiang Kai-shek’s Guomindang forces
driven off mainland to Taiwan
Character of Warfare:
Science & Technology
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World War II was different from
previous wars-enormous death toll &
numbers of refugees
unprecedented scale of human
suffering due to change in moral
values & to appearance of new
technologies
Science had significant impact on
technology of warfare, which can be
seen in the application of scientific
discoveries to produce synthetic
rubber and radar, developments in
cryptanalysis and antibiotics, the
development of aircraft and missiles,
& U.S. government’s organization of
physicists & engineers to produce
atomic weapons
Bombing Raids
• British & Americans excelled at
bombing raids-intended to break
morale of civilians
• Massive bombing raids on
German cities caused substantial
casualties
• German armament production
continued to increase until late
1944, -German people remained
obedient & hard-working
• Japanese cities, w/ their wooden
buildings, were also targets of
American bombing raids
• Fire bombs devastated Japanese
cities; fire bombing of Tokyo in
March 1945 killed 80,000 people
& left a million homeless
The Holocaust
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Nazi killings of civilians were part of a
calculated policy of exterminating
whole races of people
German Jews deprived of citizenship
& legal rights- herded into ghettoes,
many died of starvation and disease
In early 1942, Nazis decided to apply
modern industrial methods to
slaughter Jewish population of
Europe in concentration camps like
Auschwitz
Mass extermination, the Holocaust,
claimed some 6 million Jewish lives
Besides Jews, Nazis also killed Polish
Catholics, homosexuals, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, Gypsies, & disabled, all in
the interests of “racial purity.”
The Home Front in Europe and Asia
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Distinction between the front & home
front blurred as rapid military movements
& air power carried war into people’s
homes
Armies swept through the land,
confiscating anything of value; bombing
raids destroyed entire cities; people were
deported to die in concentration camps; &
millions fled their homes in terror
War demanded enormous & sustained
efforts from all civilians; in Soviet Union &
in US, industrial workers pressed to turn
out tanks, ships, & other war materiel
In Soviet Union & in other belligerent
countries, mobilization of men for military
gave women significant roles in industrial
& agricultural production
The Home Front in United States
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US flourished during war-economy
stimulated by war production
Consumer goods in short supplyAmerican savings rate increased- led
to postwar consumer boom
War weakened traditional ideas by
bringing women, African Americans,
& Mexican Americans into jobs once
reserved for white men
Migrations of African Americans
north & west & of Mexican
immigrants to southwest resulted in
overcrowding & discrimination in
industrial cities
Japanese Americans rounded up &
herded into internment camps
because of their race