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Chapter 16 World War II Honors World History C. Simmons Chapter 16 Section 1 Hitler’s Lightning War Germany Starts War • Nazi-Soviet Pact – secret agreement b/t Hitler • • • • • and Stalin splitting Poland Hitler attacked Poland wanting the Polish corridor returned to Germany Germany used strategic tactic – blitzkrieg Stalin sent Soviet troops to attack Poland and Eastern European countries, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia September 3, 1939 Britain and France declare war British and France mobilize troops along Maginot Line – fortifications along German border Fall of France • Hitler sent distraction troops into Belgium, • • • • Luxemburg, and Netherlands while sending even larger force toward France Allied troops trapped at Dunkirk where they were rescued Rescue @ Dunkirk – British navy ships fishing trollers, and civilian crafts brought 338,000 troops to safety June 14 Germany marches on Paris and France falls under German control French government set up in exile in London by Charles de Gaulle The Battle of Britain • British Prime minister Winston Churchill roused • • • • the British people “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the streets, we shall never surrender.” German Luftwaffe began bombing London in preparation of landing ground forces. Two advances helped Britain survive and fight back – radar and Enigma The Battle of Britain became the largest aerial battle in history Lesson learned – Blitzkrieg could be blocked Eastern Front • After Battle of Britain Hitler turned his focus on the • • • • • Soviet Union Mussolini attacked Egypt for the control of the Suez Canal Britain struck back and captured over 130,000 Italians, then Hitler sent back up the Afrika Corps headed by Rommel – he was very successful nicknamed “Desert Fox” Hitler planned to attack the Soviet Union by conquering the Balkans and Greece, celebrated by raisin swastikas on the Acropolis Germany attacked the unprepared Soviet Troops and quickly pushed to Leningrad (scorched earth policy) Hitler refused to retreat and over 500,000 German soldiers lost their lives U.S. Aids Allies • Most Americans thought US should not get involved – Neutrality Acts • Lend-Lease Act - FDR sold weapons to Allies on cash and carry system • Atlantic Charter – secret agreement b/t Churchill and FDR to free trade and government • Undeclared naval war b/t US and Germany Chapter 16 Section 2 Japan’s Pacific Campaign Pearl Harbor • Japan threatened US controlled Philippines and • • • US shut off oil supply to Japan - US cracked Japanese secret codes Admiral Yamamoto called for attacks on European colonies in SE Asia and US fleet in Hawaii December 7, 1941 “Day that will live in Infamy” Japanese achieved surprise attack in Pearl Harbor and US Pacific Fleet 2,300 American soldiers died, 1,500 wounded and 19 ships sunk or damaged including 8 battleships Japanese Victories • Philippines were in Japanese sight American forces held defensive position on Bataan Peninsula – After Japanese victories Bataan Death March, marched 70,000 POWs back 50,000 returned • Japan also conquers Indochina and Indonesia Allies Strike Back • Japan was vulnerable to attack • Japanese resources spread to thin in Pacfic • Battle of coral sea – new type of war, aircraft • carrier attacks stopped Japanese southern progress Battle of Midway – lured Japanese in and attacked before Japanese planes could hit the air 350 planes and 4 carriers destroyed, turning point in the Pacific War Allied Offensive • Douglas MacArthur strategy in pacific was “island hopping” – to skip over Japanese strongholds and cutoff supply from Asia and islands closer to Japan • Battle of Gaudalcanal – became known as the island of death, as Japanese forces were forced to abandon the island Chapter 16 Section 3 The Holocaust Overview video Holocaust Begins • Ideas of the Aryans “master race” led to the • • • • Holocaust – systematic extermination of inferior races and peoples (Jews) Growing dislike for Jews (Nuremburg Laws) – stripped citizenship Kristallnacht – destruction, violence against Jewish establishments Jews started to flee to other countries, then others (US, Britain, France) closed their doors to Jews Nazi’s isolated Jews in ghettos – Jews forced into overcrowded areas and forced to wear ID’s The “Final Solution” • The Final solution was genocide – extermination • • • • of an entire people These people were called undesirables – Jews, gypsies, AA, Asians, Disabled, Homosexuals, etc. SS Killing Squads gathered up Jews (fire squads) others sent to concentration camps – slave/labor prisons, medical experiments Extermination camps built in 1942, able to kill up to 6,000 people in one day (gas chambers) Auschwitz – killed close to 3 million, crematoriums had to be installed to keep up with the killings Chapter 16 Section 4 The Allied Victory The Tide Turns • Western Front in N. Africa and Italy • Operation Torch forced Rommel’s troops back • • Dwight D. Eisenhower led allied forces of up to 150,000 into N. Africa In the East, The Battle of Stalingrad became the central focus – Stalin ordered his commanders to defend the city to the death, Germany controlled 90% of city but winter set in and they got trapped – turning point in the East, 90,000 Germans surrendered, over 250,000 died, 1 million Russian soldiers lost their lives Invasion of Italy – Mussolini lost power after early defeat in Sicily but regained control in north, fighting continued here until German surrender – Mussolini later suffered public hanging Allied Home Fronts • Most allied civilians suffered hardships or even death, Americans only attacked in Hawaii and Allusion Islands • Allies mobilizing for total war – rationing, war bonds, wartime production • Negative effect of government propaganda – FDR executive order = Japanese internment camps Victory in Europe • D-Day invasion – 3 million troops, thousands of • • • • land vehicles invaded beaches of Normandy, France (dummy army used as decoy) Operation Overlord – largest land based invasion in history, Germans dug in and over 3,000 soldiers died on the beaches Third Army broke through led by George Patton and marched on Paris one month later then set sights on Germany Battle of the Bulge last German offensive Unconditional German surrender, May 7 1945 VE Day, Hitler earlier committed suicide with his wife Eva Braun Victory in Pacific • Japans last surge– Battle of Leyte Gulf, largest • • • • naval battle in history most Japanese fleet destroyed Now only the kamikazes stood b/t the allies and Japan Iwo Jima and Okinawa would some of the bloodiest fighting of the war but Japan retreated to their mainland Decision time for Truman, A-bomb or risk more allied lives Manhattan Project produced the A-bomb, August 6th “little boy” dropped, August 9th “fat man” Japan surrendered September 2, 1945 V-J Day Chapter 16 Section 5 Europe and Japan in Ruins Devastation in Europe • 60 million Europeans dead – 40 million civilians • Most cities destroyed and in ruins, Paris, Brussels, and Rome remain undamaged • People were left to wonder, thousands died of famine and disease • 100 million were left homeless Postwar Governments • Most pre-war governments returned, people of • • Germany and Italy upset and Communist idealism was a growing, until economies stated to recover Nuremburg Trials – 22 Nazi leaders were convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity Most committed suicide before but 12 faced the charges and were executed Postwar Japan • 5 million dead Most cities were left in ruin due to • • bombing, Hiroshima and Nagasaki left as wasteland MacArthur was in control of occupied Japan and started process of demilitarization, and democratization – creating government elected by people War crime trials were carried out and former premier Hideki Tojo was executed Occupation Brings Deep Changes • Constitution would change Japanese society away from absolutism to democracy • Emperor became more of a powerless symbol • Postwar agreements turned enemies into allies and vice-versa • The Soviet Union and the US came out as the world’s clear superpowers