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The Rise of Hitler Hitler’s Rise Great speaker Created popular NAZI party SA (sturmabteilung)– brownshirts Beer Hall Putsch 11/08/1923 - Hitler & co surround gov’t officials in a beer hall in Munich Goal - turn gov’t over to military Force them to swear loyalty to him Unsuccessful Hitler sent to prison for high treason Rise Freed from prison - Nazi party grew 2nd largest political party in DE President - Paul von Hindenburg reluctantly appointed Hitler Chancellor Reichstag Fire - blamed on communists (probably was Hitler) Enabling Act - right to enact laws w/o Reichstag (4 yrs) Article 48 - gov’t right to curtail constitutional rights in emergencies Hitler became a dictator through “legal” means Terror Schutzstaffeln “Guard Squadrons” “SS” Important in keeping order Orig Hitler’s bodyguards Under Heinrich Himmler – controlled secret & regular police Terror – repression & murder, secret & criminal police, concentration camps, execution squads, death camps Why was Hitler popular? Seemed to solve financial woes • • Public works projects • Rearmament program • Unemployment dropped from 6 mill in 1932 to 500,000 in 1937 • Mass demonstrations • Nazi youth • “Get ahold of pots and pans and broom and you’ll sooner find a groom!” The Beginning… By 1933 – 50 concentration camps 25,000 Socialists, Communists, & Jews imprisoned 1933 - Boycott of Jewish businesses Detrimental to economy “paper violence” anti-Semitic laws 04/07/33 – Restoration of the Professional Civil Service No Jewish gov’t employee 04/21/33 – ritual prep of meat forbidden 04/25/33 – quotas for GER schools/uni No Jewish dr.’s, pharmacists, lawyers, athletes Aryan ancestry Result Had to prove Priests, pastors, clerks Defined Jewish 3 Jewish grandparents 2 Jewish grandparents + belonged to Jewish community married to a Jew offspring of a Jew 37,000 GER Jews emigrated Cost of flights high Some hoped it would pass Kristallnacht 11/09/38 - Night of broken glass Massive, coordinated attack on Jews Response to GER embassy staff murder in Paris SA, SS, Hitler Youth beat & murdered Broke into & destroyed homes Brutalized women & children Burned down synagogues US recalled its ambassador Kristallnacht 7500 business destroyed 1,668 synagogues ransacked, 267 burned 91 Jews killed 25,000 Jewish men concentration camps Forced to clean up damage bc of Kristalnacht Banned from public transportation & buildings / retail stores Nuremberg Laws - 1935 Legal acts of discrimination Announced at Party Rally in Nuremberg Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor Prohibited marriages and xtra marital relations between Jews and GERs The Reich Citizenship Law Stripped Jews of citizenship Treaty of Versailles Revisited Rhineland (strip of land in DE bordering on FR, BE, NL) demilitarized No DE troops to be stationed there Aim - increase FR security by making it impossible for DE to invade FR by surprise Restrict DE army to 100,000 men, navy to 36 ships Treaty of Versailles Revisited Locarno Treaty reasserted demilitarization Voluntarily signed FR concerned about safety - especially with Hitler in charge DE began to re-arm Occupation of the Rhineland Early 1936 Hitler decided to reoccupy the Rhineland Franco-Soviet pact of 1935 Renewed alliance Defense strategy? • Gamble DE re-armament not ready for a well-armed nation like FR • FR - verge of elections - politicians unwilling to take unpopular actions • FR look to GB • GB felt Treaty was unfair – Simply re-claiming what was theirs – Plus GB didn’t want another war • League of Nations - condemned but no economic/military sanctions Results Hitler moved from the occupation of the Rhineland in 1936 to Annexation of Austria and Seizure of Sudetenland in 1938 and Takeover of Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1939 Austria & Czechoslovakia Fall Hitler wanted AT and CZ in 3rd Reich AT created after WWI Majority of pop was German 03/12/38 - DE marched into AT unopposed 03/13 - DE announced Anschluss or union w/ AT US & world did nothing Austria & Czechoslovakia Fall CZ - 3 mill Germans (Sudetenland) More space & natural resources Hitler accused Czechs of abusing Sudeten Germans FR & GB promised to protect CZ War seemed inevitable Munich Agreement Hitler invited Edouard Daladier & Neville Chamberlain to Munich Fuhrer declared annexation of Sudetenland was his last Eager to avoid war - they believed him 09/30/38 - Munich Agreement Turned Sudetenland over w/o a single shot The Munich conference. From left: Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler, Mussolini, Ciano. Winston Churchill Chamberlain’s satisfaction not shared w/ Churchill Appeasement - giving up principles to pacify an aggressor “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.” DE Offensive Churchill right 03/15/39 - Hitler invaded rest of CZ Then he wanted Poland “mistreatment of Germans” Stalin’s surprise Nonaggression pact w/ Hitler Committed to never attacking each other Secret pact - divide Poland 2 front war eliminated Blitzkrieg “Lightning war” 09/01/39 - Luftwaffe (air force) dropped bombs over PL Same time - DE tanks 09/03 - GB & FR declare war on DE Blitzkrieg successful - 3 wks USSR attacked PL from east PL gone, and WWII began