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Chapter 34 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Vocab • London Conference • Tydings-McDuffie Act • Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act • Tripartite Pact • Johnson Debt Default Act • Spanish-Civil War • Quarantine Speech • Russo-German nonaggression pact • Cash-and-Carry • Neutrality Act of 1939 Essential Questions • Why was Franklin D. Roosevelt a very influential person during this time? • What was a main thing that Franklin D. Roosevelt wanted to change when he became President? • What caused WW2 to start in the European Countries? London Conference • The London conference was originally set up in 1933, the goal for this conference was to try and create an international fix to the Great Depression. – Aimed to unilaterally attack the issues with the Great Depression • Stabilize currency rates of exchange, reduce tarriffs – The United states did not send a representative despite initially agreeing to do so • FDR didn’t want to be tied to an international agreement with his experiments with inflation and “gold-juggling” – As a result nothing was accomplished. – Could this have been the cure all? London Conference • The isolationist attitude conveyed as a result of the London Conference led to nationalism and a “we’re in it alone” attitude. • This definitely benefited mad men who knew the rest of the world didn’t want a fight. – Isolation would have a terrible price to pay in the years to come Freedom for Filipinos • The United States never really liked having the islands of the Philippines and all they did was cause them problems so in 1934 the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed which said the Philippines would become independent in 12 years. (July 4, 1946) rather than having dominion status, like the Filipinos had requested • In 1934 Franklin D. Roosevelt recognized the Soviet Union in a hope of possibly trading with them, but this angered the Americans because the Soviet Union was a communist nation. – Good or bad move? Becoming a Good Neighbor • When Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in his inaugural address that he wanted the United States to become better “Neighbors” with the Latin American countries. • He took the U.S. military out of the Latin American countries. The Mexicans tried to to test this good neighbor policy that FDR put into place by taking American oil properties • FDR did not over react and did not use military force proving he was serious about this policy. (Settled the dispute in 1941) Nonintervention • At the Montevideo Conference of American Nations in December of 1933, the U.S. renounced the right of intervention in the internal affairs of L.A. nations. • 1936 in the Buenos Aires Convention, the US further agreed to submit all American disputes to arbitration –All marines were removed from Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic Secretary Hull’s Reciprocal Trade Agreement • This law, the idea of Cordell Hull, was passed in 1934. • It allowed the president to negotiate agreements which could vary from the rates of the Hawley Smoot Tariff up to 50%. • By 1936, lower rates had been negotiated with 13 nations, and by 1941 almost 2/3 of all American foreign trade was covered by agreements. Storm cellar Isolation • After WW1 and all the countries realized the depression that was created some of their leaders turned to totalitarian regimes which basically means a dictatorship. • Germany, Italy, and the USSR are some of the countries that went to this. – Rome-Berlin Axis 1936 – Tripartite Pact- Germany and Italy’s leaders connected together with Japan Storm Cellar Isolationism (Cont) • This group of three nations started to “prepare for war” by attacking small countries that could not defend themselves. • Even thought the U.S. knew this was wrong they did not want to get pulled into the European problems like they did in WW1. – Revisionist History- popular in the 1930’s that the US had been misled and Germany was not responsible for WWI. – Gallup poll in 1937 showed 2/3 said that US entry to WWI had been a mistake Storm Cellar Isolationism Cont. • Johnson Act of 1934 (Johnson Debt Default Act) – When European nations stopped payment on WWI debts to the US, this law prevented any nation in default from selling securities to any American citizen or corporation. – In other words if a country had a debt with the U.S. they could not borrow anymore money from the U.S. Prelude to War • As nations struggled to survive the ordeal of the Great Depression, they would be soon confronted with a struggle greater than World War I or the desperation associated with the collapse of the world’s economy. • For in Europe and Asia imperialism, militarism, and fascism were taking hold and would soon envelope the world in a catastrophe that made other modern wars seem pale in comparison Struggling Germany • Germany’s defeat and the war reparations ($33billion) combined with the economic collapse of the 1930’s provided fertile ground for extremist organizations to flourish – Nationalist Socialist Party (the Nazis) • War Guilt Clause: Article 231 – Damaged its national psyche was damaged by the punitive Treaty of Versailles • Adolf Hitler rose to head the Nazis and in the process exploit Germany’s shame and humiliation to elevate himself and the Nazis to the nation’s political leadership Dictators: Adolf Hitler • Nazi Party (Germany) – 1921 • Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) Conspiracy/ Scapegoat • A passionate orator, Hitler convinced the German people that their defeat in war, the humiliating peace terms and the collapse of the German economy had been the result of poor political leadership, defeatism on the home front, and the economic conspiracy of Germany’s Jewish Population “Cult of Personality” • Hitler and the Nazis synthesized nationalism with populist rhetoric, while simultaneously rejecting liberal values, communism, and republicanism. • Utilizing coercion and violence, his regime promoted the “cult of personality,” in which the leader (Hitler), was portrayed as being larger than the nation itself. Like a rocket • Tapping into the average German’s nationalistic sentiments, in a little more than a decade, he rose from being an little known World War I vet and third-rate artist to become chancellor of Germany by 1933. • He immediately begin to rebuild Germany’s military in order to restore its commanding presence in Europe Dictators: Benito Mussolini • Same story in Italy • Another demagogue Mussolini took advantage of his nations post war strife, labor strikes, the breakdown of law and order (Naps III), battles between right and left wing factions to catapult himself and the fascist Party to the top in Italy by 1922 Dictators: Benito Mussolini • Like his fascist buddy in Germany, Mussolini became a dictator. • His totalitarian state was was not nearly as “Total” as Nazi Germany Japan • In Japan many believed that only through extreme militarism and nationalism could Japan take it’s place in the Sun. Splendid Isolation • Even though these events concerned American political leaders, the developments in Europe and Asia could not shift the American public away from the belief that these were uniquely European and Asian issues, and that the US should avoid involvement in yet another war that, like World War I. • During these interwar years, the US maintained a fragile policy of neutrality. Congress legislates Neutrality • Congress passed Neutrality Acts hoping to stay out of wars that they should not be involved in and to try not to make the same mistake made in WW1, but with WW2 came different circumstances and they said they would stay neutral no matter what. – 1935- American ships prohibited from carrying arms to belligerent, no travel on belligerent ships – 1936- gave pres authority to determine when a state of war existed, and prohibited loans or credits to nations at war – 1937-pres has authority to determine if a civil war was a threat to world peace and covered by the Neutrality acts, prohibited arms to be sold to any belligerents, and allowed cash-and-carry sale of non-military goods to belligerents Threats to World Order • The Manchurian Crisis – Sept 1931 the Japanese army invaded and seized Chinese Manchuria. – This violated the Nine Power Pact and the KelloggBriand Pact – When the LON sought consideration of action against Japan, Hoover refused to consider either economic or military sanctions – The only American action was to refuse recognition of the action or the puppet state of Manchukuo (Japan) Threats to World Order • A. Mussolini’s Italy “Gases” Ethiopia (1935) – Following a border skirmish between Italian and Ethiopian troops, the Italy invaded in 1935. The LON failed to take action, the US looked on, and Ethopia fell in 1936. America Dooms Loyalist Spain • Spanish Civil War began in 1936 after the election of a Popular Front of republican and radical parties. • Right wing Generals led by Francisco Franco, began a military revolt • US, Britain and France remained neutral, despite participation of German and Italian military unites aiding Franco’s fascist forces. • The USSR, as well as volunteers from the US and other nations, fought with the anti-fascists, but were defeated in 1939 America Dooms Loyalist Spain • The Spanish-Civil War was in a way a preview of WW2 because it was the fascist fighting against the republic and although the U.S. wanted the republic to win they could not offer and did not offer any help, but Hitler and other fascist leaders helped out the fascist leader in Spain who was then the victor of the war. Appeasing Japan and Germany • In 1937 Japan went and invaded china, but since Franklin D. Roosevelt did not consider this a war so trade was not cut off between them and the U.S. • Also during this time Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech called the Quarantine Speech (“Quarantine the Aggressor”) hoping to make the American citizens and democracies be against the communist countries and aggressor nations. – When public opinion didn’t pick up the idea, he dropped it. Appeasing Japan and Germany • After the full scale invasion of China in July 1937 Japanese planes sank the American gunboat Panay and 3 Standard Oil tankers on the Yangtze River (2 killed 30 wounded) • Japan quickly apologized and paid damage payments • Americans called for withdrawal of American forces in China Appeasing Japan and Germany • During this Hitler was busy doing things over in Germany, first he violated the Treaty of Versailles in two ways and then he wrote a book which led to the Germans persecuting the Jewish people. • Also he took Austria and said that he wanted the German people to be most of the population in Sudetenland. The Allies Ignore Early German Actions in Austria and Czechoslovakia The US and Its Allies (England & France) Aim to Avoid War with Germany The Allies Appease Hitler at Munich the Conference - At Munich in 1938, Italy (Mussolini), Germany (Hitler), France (Eduard Deladier) and Britain (Neville Chamberlain) met to discuss a peaceful settlement. - Hitler promised he was done invading nations, that he only wanted Sudetenland because of its German population / 1 Year later he invaded signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and invaded Poland Hitler’s belligerency • In 1939 Germany and Russia signed the RussoGerman Nonaggression Pact which basically said they would not fight against each other. • As a result Hitler decided he wanted to attack Poland, knowing that Britain and France said if Germany attacked Poland they would retaliate …they attacked Poland anyway on Sept. 1, 1939. • This now meant that WW2 had started. – By end of Sept Poland was split between Germany and USSR • Due to the neutrality acts the U.S. was not allowed to get involved, but FDR passed a Neutrality Act of 1939 which said the U.S. could sell war materials on a Cashand-Carry basis Fall of France • The German military used a very quick, but brutal attacking system which helped them conquer many places very quickly. “Blitzkrieg” • They used planes, tanks, and ground troops. The attack on France was very quick and short and France surrendered very quickly, luckily the French troops were able to get away and now Britain was the last European country between the U.S. and Germany Fall of France (cont.) • Due to the fact that Britain was the last country between the U.S. and Germany Franklin D. Roosevelt started to strengthen the military by having 1.2 million troops trained each year and 800,000 reserves. • The main concern was that Germany would try and attack the different colonies of Latin America • American attitudes changed. However, many were still desiring neutrality. Review Quiz • COMPLETION – 1-What was the goal of the London Conference? – 2-What Act released the Philippines from the U.S.? – 3-What is the Tripartite Pact? – 4-Why was the Spanish-Civil War a preview of WW2? – 5-How did Germany attack France? Question 6 • Why did President Franklin Roosevelt undermine the goals of the London Economic Conference, causing it to collapse? – A. its members insisted on a rigid adherence to the gold standard – B. any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt America's recovery from Depression – C. Any agreement emanating from the conference would necessarily involve the United States military with the League of Nations – D. The delegates refused to work on reviving trade – E. It was dominated by British and Swiss bankers. Question 7 • Which of the following represented a partial motivation for President Roosevelt’s decision to diplomatically recognize the Soviet Union? – A. It was an effort to gain political support from American Catholics – B. It was a diplomatic reward for the Soviet Union for modifying its repressive communist policies – C. FDR hoped that diplomatic recognition of the Soviet Union would serve as a diplomatic counterweight to the rising power of Japan and Germany – D. It was an attempt to win favor with American liberals and leftists – E. It was an effort to open opportunities for American investment in Siberian oil fields Question 8 • Which of the following is NOT associated with the Axis Powers? –A. Hitler –B. Mussolini –C. Japan –D. Franco –E. Italy Question 9 • In the Munich Conference – A. Hitler agreed to form an alliance with Italy and Japan – B. the Big 3 agreed to demand unconditional surrender from the Germans and Japanese – C. Britain and France gave in to Hitler’s territorial demands – D. the US promised Germany that it would remain neutral in War – E. The Nazi’s worked out the details of the Final Solution Question 10 • Which future allied nation provided support to the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War? –A. United States –B. Britain –C. France –D. China –E. Soviet Union Question 11 • The America First Committee – A. was strongly opposed in favor of providing economic assistance to Britain, but opposed military aid – B. believed the US should enter the war only if its ships were attacked by German subs – C. was strongly in favor of the assistance President Roosevelt gave to the British – D. believed “cash and carry” would not jeopardize American neutrality – E. strongly opposed U.S. intervention in the war Question 12 • In the Panay incident – A. the Japanese inadvertently sank a U.S. gunboat on patrol in China – B. the Japanese launched a surprise attack on the 7th Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii – C. Japan invaded China – D. the Japanese government agreed not to invade China in return for territorial concessions in S.E. Asia – E. Chinese Troops attacked the Japanese embassy in China