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World War II A look at the major countries involved, and how it happened. Germany Seeds are sown at the end of WWI Loss of land Huge war payments War never seen by non-military Embarrassment of losing Areas rich in resources, and areas of German people taken from Germany Unable to pay-off GB and France, had to rely on help from US (ended with stock market crash) War never hits German soil – Easy for people to believe that they did not really lose the war Pre-war Europe all very patriotic— crushing blow to collective German ego. Italy Also bitter about WWI ending Denied spoils of war that other allied nations in Europe received Disappointed that after switching sides during the war, that they were not included in the break up of the Ottoman Empire Lands Japan Eager to join the world’s super powers A chain of small islands, without major resources like coal, iron and petroleum. Country’s officials tired of reliance on other countries like the United States, and want to become self-sufficient Great Britain & France Greedy and nervous after WWI Blame Germany for entire war Losses in human life and devastation to land leaves huge impression Germany forced to accept all blame for initiating the war, and pay for all of the Allies’ war debt. Also had land taken away, and forced to demilitarize important borders. Most of the war took place in France. Craters from shells still leave signs of the war’s devastation. Both countries were involved from the start of the war and suffered huge casualties. Hope to make it impossible for Germany to ever pose a military threat again. U.S.S.R. Occupied with the plan of forming new government. Suffered huge losses from WWI and in their communist revolution. Concentration on matters at home. New leader Josef Stalin willing to do whatever was necessary to follow through with revolutionary plans. U.S.A. Frustrations from the end of World War I lead to a strong isolationist attitude. Wilson’s 14 points ignored by European countries in Versailles Treaty “The war to end all wars” idea seems like a hoax. U.S. does not want to be pulled into Europe’s problems again Great Depression makes most Americans more concerned with fixing situation at home than for others. Loss of jobs, and desperation at home much more important than becoming mixed up in Europe’s affairs Fascist Leaders emerge Adolph Hitler in Germany Benito Mussolini in Italy X AXIS Yamamoto in charge of Japan’s Navy and the attack on Pearl Harbor Powers Tojo, the leader of the Japanese military Fascist Leaders emerge Adolph Hitler: Austrian-born that fought in WWI. Made a living by selling his paintings Joined with others who were upset about the Treaty of Versailles, and felt betrayed by those who had taken over German leadership. Blamed Jews and other easy targets for their current situation. Emerged as the leader of a new group called the Nationale Socialist Partei Deutchland – or Nazi’s for short. After jail term for an attempted takeover of the government, he emerged to an even more desperate public, and eventually would be elected as the chancellor of Germany. Fascist Leaders emerge Benito Mussolini Veteran of WWI, and a school teacher in Italy, he was infuriated by the chaos in his country. He joined Italy’s parliament in 1921, and by 1926, he was able to alter rules of election and censorship, and assumed the role of dictator. Came to power and established order and productivity in the country. People jumped when he said jump, or else they would likely be shot. Italians allowed this to happen because, “He made the trains arrive on time.” In 1935, he invaded and took over the N. African country of Ethiopia, and in 1936 he supported the “Fascist” side of the Spanish Civil War. Fascist Leaders emerge Tojo: from a Militarist group-he forced the Emperor to do what he wanted. He used religion and people’s deference to the emperor to get his way. Yamamoto: The leader of Japan’s Navy. He orchestrated the attack on Pearl Harbor, and became very powerful until he became too greedy and over confident. Early Aggression Germany Want to regain land lost in Versailles Treaty and unite all German speaking peoples Rearmament: 1935 Remilitarize the Rhineland: 1936 Annexation of Austria: March 13, 1938 Invasion of Czechoslovakia: Sept 29, 1938 Hitler begins rebuilding armed forces, and military. A direct violation of the Versailles Treaty Contrived “vote”, Austrian agree to become one with Germany—”The Anschluss” British protest, but relent after deal between Chamberlain and Hitler—”The Great Appeasement.” Kristallnacht: Nov. 9, 1938 Secret deal made with USSR in the NaziSoviet Pact: Aug 23, 1939 Invasion of Poland: Sept. 1, 1939 Nazis looted stores, burned synagogues, arrested 1000’s, and killed more than 90 Jews. Agree to split Poland and not attack each other. A secret part agrees that they would split Poland, and allow USSR to take Baltic States Introduction of Blitzkrieg, and quick takeover of Poland. Panzer tanks and modern “Luftwaffe” daze outdated Polish army. British and French realize their mistakes and declare war on Germany. Kristallnacht: Nov. 9, 1938 Effect of Blitzkrieg in Poland Japanese aggression Invade Manchuria (Mainland China) in 1931. Surprise attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941. Devastates U.S. Navy, and in the next year, they swept through and captured many Pacific Islands. Italian Aggression In 1935, they invaded Ethiopia. On May 9, 1936, Ethiopia was incorporated along with other East African Countries into Italian East Africa In Sept. of 36, Hitler and Mussolini formed the Berlin-Rome Axis. 1940 losses in Egypt and Greece forced them to get help from Germany and gave Germany greater control of Italy. U.S.A. involvement Hold to isolationist policy until the attack of Pearl Harbor. Assist the Allied countries through trade, and military production. In 1941, the Lend-Lease Act was enacted, allowing the president to lend or lease weapons and other aid to any country he felt needed them. Declare war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Germany sub sequentially declares war on the United States. Early war in Europe British not ready for war French rely on the Maginot Line: Steel and concrete barricade built from Belgium to Switzerland (would have been great in WWI) Germany’s Blitzkrieg goes around and over the line, and they are in Paris by June of 1940. Germany sets up a puppet government in France (Vichy France) Battle of Britain Summer of 1940, Germany began attacking Britain, hoping to starve it and destroy its air force and industrial centers. New invention, RADAR, saves Britain, and losses to German air force, forces it to begin attacks at night. British withstand 71 major attacks between then and May of 1941. Battle of Britain Allied Leaders Great Britain’s Winston Churchill USA’s Franklin Delano Roosevelt USSR’s Josef Stalin Sir Winston Churchill Longtime politician in Great Britain Unpopular for his early denunciations of Hitler and Germany. 1940, Chamberlain was pushed out, and Churchill was asked to take over. Early speeches motivated and inspired British citizens to withstand German attacks. Famous for his oratory skills. FDR Elected 4 times to be president of the United States New Deal policies given credit for pulling the United States from the harshness of the Great Depression. Weekly “Fireside chats” on the radio gave Americans confidence in times of war and a belief that they were a part of things. Josef Stalin By the end of the 1930’s, Great Purge had created an entire public in Soviet Union devoted the Stalin Nazi-Soviet Pact allowed USSR to expand into the Balkans and E. Poland Country was poorly prepared for Hitler’s surprise attack, and suffered greatly Survived Germany’s assault due to Hitler’s wandering attention span, pressure on Germany’s western front (encroaching Allied troops), brutally cold winters, and vast number of bodies to hold German bullets. 1941-1945 German Invasion of Russia: June 22, 1942. Surprise move, breaking the Nazi-Soviet Pact. German come in 3 branches, aimed at Moscow, Leningrad, and Kiev. Stalin did not believe that Blitzkrieg could work like it had in Poland and France He was wrong. Elite Soviet Tanks were destroyed, and men were butchered along the front line Hitler pulled troops aimed at Moscow to encircle Leningrad and Kiev. When he returned to Moscow, winter had hit, and USSR countered badly hurting the Germans. The Pacific Takeover of Pacific Islands by Japanese Military Surprise attack on Tokyo shocks unsuspecting Japanese leaders (Doolittle Raid) By May of 1942, they had a clear shot at India and Australia Japanese try to extend their island control to keep the Allies further away—but end up overextending themselves. Battles of Midway (June 4-7) and Coral Sea (May 7,8) end up being huge victories over the overextended Japanese Navy. Allowed the allies to “island hop” and retake the pacific. Dr. Suess take on Battle of Midway Allied Forces formed Late 1941, U.S. and British agree to form a joint Chief of Staffs, and that Germany needs its attention first (Japan will stay primarily the concern of the United States) January 1, 1942: U.S., United Kingdom, USSR and 23 other countries signed the Declaration by United Nations, pledging to not make separate peace treaties. United Nations became the official name, but the Allies was more commonly used. Defending Europe Without the immediate aid of United States troops, and the successes of German Troops in North Africa (led by General Rommell), the decision is to defend the south first. Rommell had pushed 235mi. Into Egypt, through British lines of defense Tide turns in North Africa British advances Combined troops land in NW Africa Rommel stopped in August of 42. An offensive by British in October began to drive them back Led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, US and British troops land in Morocco, Casablanca, and Tunisia, and pinch the retreating Germans off. After one last push by Rommel, the troops were surround on a peninsula in Tunisia, forcing 275,000 German and Italian Troops to surrender. Battle of Stalingrad Summer of 42, Hitler is determined to finish off the USSR (despite urging of his generals to wait a year) Approaching Stalingrad, Stalin gives orders to retreat no further, having anyone not standing firm shot. After huge losses, the Soviets prevailed, forcing a German surrender in Jan. 43. Guadalcanal August 7, 1942 United States launches an offensive on a Naval Station on the Small Island of Guadalcanal. Japan responded furiously. Six major conflicts happened before the U.S. secured the island in February of 1943. Casablanca Conference (Jan. 43) North Africa Air Raids After much debate, Americans convinced British to begin focusing on crossing the English Channel, and limiting troops in the Mediterranean Sea British and Americans begin around the clock bombings of Germany. Americans suffer huge losses as they were responsible for the day raids. Plans made and troops were begun to be assembled for a channel crossing in 1944. Invasion of Italy July through Sept. of 43, Allies land on Sicily, and cross to the mainland. The landing on Sicily forced Germans from some of their positions in the USSR, marking the end of German advances on the Soviet Union. A secret armistice was signed by the Italians. Strong German stance made it merely a moral victory for the U.S. and Great Britain. Tehran Conference In Nov. of 43, the big three met together for the first time. After some persuasion of Churchill, Operation Overlord, was decided on for the Spring of 44… A crossing of the English Channel to mainland Europe. D-Day (Invasion of Normandy) June 6, 1944 A beach landing supported by paratroopers, the Allies fought their way on to the steep banks of Normandy Hitler was tricked into thinking that Normandy was a bluff, had fortified the coast further north allowing the operation to succeed. By the end of June, the allies, led by Eisenhower, had 850,000 troops and 150,000 vehicles ashore in Normandy Allies begin closing in Eastern Front June 22-24, Soviets attack and retake Belorussia. On July 17, they marched into Moscow with 57,000 German prisoners. Liberation of France Beginning on July 17, 1944, Allied troops marched and fought heavy German resistance. On August 25, Paris was liberated. By the end of August, American troops reached the German-Franco Border. Lacking supplies, they are forced to regroup. Victory parade in Paris Soviet Advances Warsaw Uprising: Carpathian Mtns. -the Black Sea Yalta Conference: Polish step up to fight the Germans. Soviets could help, but allow the Germans to crush the uprising. July through September 1944 Meanwhile, the Soviets were attacking Romania, Bulgaria, Finland, and installed a communist leader, Tito, in Yugoslavia. At conference in early 45 with the big three, Stalin agrees to help against the Pacific as long as he is granted territorial gain in the east. Yalta Conference Air war takes center stage Key islands retaken in the Pacific Air Raids on Germany resume Capture of Guam and other islands give the Americans the chance to strike Japan from the air. Regular air strikes begin on Japan. Allies severely hurt Steel plants as well as destroy oil fields in Romania. Plane production and German morale stay higher than expected in the short-run. Battle of the Bulge December 16, 1944: Germans mount the last offensive, trying to split the American and British lines. Americans were surprised, but resisted until good flying weather allowed their air power to assist them. By January, the 50 mi. “bulge” had been eliminated. Allies close in Allied Nations closed in on Germany’s central locations. The United States captured Nuremburg, while the Soviet Union surrounded Berlin. By April 21, 1945, U.S. Troops met USSR troops, and Germany was split in two. April 30: Hitler commits suicide in his bunker May 8: V-E Day (Victory in Europe Day) Key battles in the Pacific Iwo Jima and Okinawa Island hopping pushes forward, giving the U.S. closer access to Japan for airstrikes. Fierce fighting ensues as 6000 Marines are killed taking Iwo Jima. Kamikaze fighters Desperation sets in, as Japanese fighters begin using obsolete planes, loaded with explosives and dive bombing United States Targets. Kyushu Scheduled to be the next wave, but Americans have grown weary of deperate measures of Japanese and the huge losses taken by the Navy and Marines Nagasaki and Hiroshima Atomic Bomb Truman’s decision Top secret plans had put together great Physicists minds together to create the ultimate weapon. Three atomic bombs were created The first was tested in New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945. In his first months in office (following the death of FDR), He agrees to the use of the two remaining bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki—Two previously untouched cities in Japan. August 6 and 9, 1945 130,000 or more Japanese citizens are killed by the two bombs. August 8, 1945 USSR invades Manchuria Japanese Surrender August 14, 1945: Japan announces its surrender September 2, 1945, aboard the USS Missouri, in Tokyo Bay, the official signing took place. American General MacArthur was named the military governor of occupied Japan.