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World War Looms Chapter 24 Essential Vocabulary Totalitarian ► Fascism ► Nazism ► Neutrality Acts ► Appeasement ► Nonaggression pact ► Blitzkreig ► Holocaust ► Genocide ► Ghetto ► Concentration camp ► Axis Powers ► Allies ► Atlantic Charter ► Manhattan Project ► Rationing ► D-Day ► Kamikaze ► Nuremberg trials ► Internment ► Objectives ► 10.01 ► Appeasement Isolationism Reparations Totalitarian governments Treaty of Versailles Worldwide depression 10.02 The United States at war The influences of propaganda at home and abroad Designs for peace ► 10.03 The Homefront Suspension of civil liberties Suburbanization Transition to peacetime Essential Questions ► How are civil liberties challenged during times of conflict? ► How has the perception of the US in the world changed as US self-perception has changed? ► How has the American view of the world been shaped by its own size, location, and natural resource base? ► Why was World War II a major turning point in American history? Crash Course ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Objoad6 rG6U Aftermath of World War I ► Nationalism Grips Europe and Asia ► 2 Failures of the Treaty of Versailles Caused anger and resentment Democracies that were created collapsed Communism ► An economic and political system ► One Party System ► State ownership of all property Totalitarianism ► Totalitarian: Gov. has full control over the people. ► No rights, no opposition ► Total control Fascism ► Stressed nationalism. ► Placed interest of the state over the individual ► Strength unity. ► Fasces though in Latin Nazism ► German brand of ► Extreme nationalism ► Extreme Racism ► Extreme Expansion Fascism USSR ► Joseph Stalin ► Soviet Union established in 1922 ► Wanted to make the Soviet Union a great industrial power ► Responsible for the deaths of 8-13 million of his own people ► Totalitarian-Communist ► Benito Mussolini ► Powerful ► Fear speaker of communism ► Marched 1922 ► “Black on Rome in Shirts” ► Totalitarian-Fascist Italy Germany ► Adolf Hitler ► Appointed chancellor in 1933 ► Mein Kampf-My Struggle ► Wanted to bring all German speaking people under one empire ► Racial purification ► National expansion Established the Third Reich ► Totalitarian-Nazism ► Japan and Spain ► Japan Militarists Seized control of Manchuria in 1931 Quit the League of Nations ► Spain Francisco Franco After the Spanish Civil War, Franco emerged as the fascist dictator America Responds Cautiously ► Isolationism ► Neutrality Acts Outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war and to nations in civil wars Austria ► Small nation created after The Paris Peace Conference ► Majority of population were Germans ► March 12th 1938 Austria Falls unopposed. ► World does nothing Czechoslovakia/ Sudetenland ► In Sudetenland, western boarder of Czechoslovakia ►3 Million German speaking people lived ► More living space ► More Resources Protection to Appeasement ► Britain and France to protect Czechoslovakia ► Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier invited to Munich, Germany to meet with Hitler ► Sudetenland “last territorial demand” ► Munich Agreement signed in Sep. 1938 by Chamberlain, Daladier, and Hitler. Gave Sudetenland to Germany, no shots fired. ► Appeasement: Giving up principals to pacify and aggressor. Winston Churchill ► Political rival of Neville Chamberlain ► Believed the Munich Agreement was shameful ► Hated the idea of appeasement ► ► “Britain and France had to chose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.” The German Offensive Begins ► March 15th, 1939 rest of Czechoslovakia. taken. ► Britain and France both to supply military aid to Poland ► Germany wouldn’t dare, could bring Russia, Britain, and France in. ► Two Front War. Soviet Union ► August 23rd 1939 Signing of the Nonaggression Pact: both Russia and Germany would not attack each other. ► Secret pact to divide Poland ► Two mas Front War no ► Poland's sealed fate is Blitzkrieg in Poland ► Made ► September ► Blitzkrieg: War ► Luftwaffe 1st 1939 Lightning – German Forces pour into Poland use of new German technologies. Faster Tanks and more powerful airplanes ► Bombing cities, military bases, airfields, and railroads ► Chaos in the country. War Declared ► September 3rd 1939 ► Britain and France declare war ► Soviet Union takes eastern portion of Poland The Phony War ► French and British troops sat on Maginot Line: system of fortifications along eastern Franco-German Boarder. ► German Forces sat on Siegfried Line: ► Germans war. called this the Sitzkrieg: Sitting Soviet Union ► After taking eastern Poland ► Stalin takes Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania ► Also takes Finland by end of 1939 Germany ► April 4th 1940 ► Hitler takes Denmark and Norway to “protect those countries freedom and independence.” ► By May of 1940 Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg are over run France and Britain Fight On ► Maginot Line is ineffective ► Bypasses through Belgium ► Into Ardennes: Wooded region in northeastern France ► Next stop Paris Fall of France ► Germans trap 400,000 French, Belgian, and British Troops at Dunkirk ► In 1 week more than 800 vessels brought 330,000 troops to Britain. ► Italy joins in war on German side ► Invades France ► Fall southern of France June 22, 1940 Charles de Gaulle ► Set up a government-inexile Battle of Britain ► Germany cant compete with British Navy ► Every ► Fight ► Royal ► Use by air of 2,600 Planes night for two months bombs fell on London Air Force use of radar to take down planes The Holocaust ► Holocaust Systematic murder of 11 million people, more than half of them Jews ► The Persecution Begins Anti-Semitism : hatred of jews Nuremberg Laws 1935: ► Jews were stripped of their rights, property, and jobs ► Forced to wear a yellow star for identification The Persecution Begins ► Kristallnacht November 9-10, 1938 “Night of the Broken Glass” ► Flood of Jewish Refugees Many fled the country, but had trouble finding countries that would accept them St. Louis Hitler’s “Final Solution” ► Genocide—deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population ► Targeted groups: Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, mentally deficient, mentally ill, physically disabled, incurably ill Hitler’s “Final Solution” ► Ghettos Segregated areas in certain Polish cities ► Concentration camps Labor camps ► The Final Stage Mass exterminations ► Death camps The Condemned ► Belief that the Aryan Race was superior ► Need to rid of the undesirables ► Special Nazi Death “Security Squadrons” (SS) Write a reflection ►I want you to consider the impact the Holocaust may have on a population. Include some details which you have learned in this lesson. You may write it as a letter, Journal entry, or even pose questions. Please be sure to take your time. Turn to your partner ► Why do you think this happened? ► What would you do if this were to happen to you and your family? ► How were these people targeted in what ways? ► Do you think this will ever happen again? Inside the Nazi War Machine ► http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPdRRU vnji4 America Moves Toward War ► Moving away from neutrality Cash and Carry ► Tripartite Pact Germany, Italy and Japan Became known as the Axis Powers ► Roosevelt runs for a third term and wins with 55% of the vote America Moves Toward War ► Lend-Lease Plan The president would lend or lease arms to “any country whose defense was vital the United States” Both Great Britain and Russia benefit ► German Wolf Packs German submarines US had permission to attack them in self defense German U-Boat being attacked by Allied Aircraft. FDR Plans for War ► The Atlantic Charter Joint declaration of war aims ► Collective security, disarmament, selfdetermination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas ► Shoot on Sight FDR ordered that German submarines be shot on sight after a US destroyer was fired on Other US ships were attacked as well Japan Attacks the United States ► Japan’s expansion Hideki Tojo Expansion into China Need for oil ► Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Hour and a half air raid 2,403 Americans killed 1,178 wounded 21 ships sunk or damaged Reaction to Pearl Harbor ► Roosevelt’s Congress Address to Asked for a declaration of war against Japan Approved End to isolationism Germany and Italy declared war on the US three days later The United States in World War II Chapter 25 Mobilizing for Defense ► Selective Service 5 million volunteered 10 million were drafted ► Expanding the Military George Marshall—Army Chief of Staff General Women’s Auxiliary Army corps (WAAC) ► Women would serve in noncombat positions ► Nurses, ambulance drivers, radio operators, electricians, pilots A Production Miracle ► Industrial Response Many domestic industries (cars, pencils, etc.) switched to war production ► Labor’s Contribution Women and minority workers filled the war industry jobs Were paid less A. Philip Randoph ► Led the way to equitable opportunity in industry A Production Miracle ► Manhattan Project Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) Atomic bomb Albert Einstein Federal Government Takes Control ► Office of Price Administration (OPA) Froze prices on most goods Fighting inflation ► War Production Board (WPB) Peacetime to wartime companies Scrap material, raw materials ► Rationing Fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for the military The War for Europe and North Africa ► The US and Britain join forces War Plans ► Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss their plans—the US would attack Hitler first The Battle of the Atlantic ► German wolf packs ► Convoy system, sonar The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean ► Stalingrad The Germans are finally defeated Turning point in the war Soviet death toll: 1,100,000 soldiers ► North Africa Operation Torch General Dwight D. Eisenhower Allies are victorious ► Ernie Pyle—war correspondent The Eastern Front and the Mediterranean ► The Italian Campaign Sicily falls Moussilini is forced to resign Italy does not fall until 1945 Heroes ► Tuskegee ► Buffaloes ► Nisei Airmen The Allies Liberate Europe ► D-Day Eisenhower Normandy June 6, 1944 Largest land-sea-air operation in army history Omaha Beach D-Day ► Omar Bradley Led air and land bombardment at St. Lo Allowed George Patton and his Third Army to advance ► Liberated Paris By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium, and Luxembourg The Allies Liberate Europe ► Battle of the Bulge German troops advanced to create a bulge in the Allied lines Germans are pushed back ► Liberation Camps of the Death Horrors of the death camps Unconditional Surrender ► Hitler and his wife commit suicide ► V-E Day May 8, 1945 Victory in Europe Day ► Roosevelt’s Death Died April 12, 1945 Harry S. Truman becomes President The War in the Pacific ► Douglas MacArthur ► Doolittle’s Raid Raid on Tokyo ► Coral Sea Americans and Australians Japanese were turned back The War in the Pacific ► Battle of Midway Strategic island northwest of Hawaii Allies stopped the Japanese Chester Nimitz— commander of American naval forces in the Pacific Turning point in the Pacific War “Island Hopping” The Allies Go On the Offensive ► Japanese Defense Kamikaze—suicide plane ► Iwo Jima Could act as a base for bombers to reach Japan Heavily defended 6,000 marines died The Allies Go On the Offensive ► Battle for Okinawa Allies invaded in April 1945 7,600 Americans died 110,000 Japanese died The Atomic Bomb Ends the War Cloud after the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. ► Manhattan Project Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer Very secretive Hiroshima—military center ► Bomb dropped on August 6, 1945 Nagasaki Nagasaki after the second bomb was dropped. Rebuilding Begins ► Yalta Conference February 1945 ► Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met in Yalta ► Big Three Division of Germany into four zones Stalin would join the war in Japan ► Nuremberg Trials 24 surviving Nazi leaders put on trial 12 were sentenced to death Rebuilding Begins ► Occupation of Japan Occupied by the US under General Douglas MacArthur War trials—Prime Minister Hideki Tojo executed Seven year occupation ► Reshaped their economy ► New constitution The Home Front ► Opportunity Adjustment and Economic Gains ► Unemployment fell ► Wages rose ► Women in the work force Population Shifts Social adjustments ► GI Bill of Rights Provided for education and training for veterans Provided loan guarantees—homes or businesses FDR signs the GI Bill of Rights. Discrimination and Reaction ► Civil Rights Protests James Farmer ► Founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Zoot-Suit Riots Internment of Japanese Americans ► Internment Confinement Korematsu v. United States ► Military necessity Japanese American Citizens League (JACL)