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Ch 16 Sec1 – Dictators Threaten World Peace The US Response Essential Questions: What types of governments came to power in Russia, Italy ,Germany and Japan after WWI? What were the examples of Axis aggression in Europe and Asia? What was the plight of Jews in Hitler’s Third Reich? How did the United States respond to the outbreak of war in 1939? What brought the United States into Dictators Threaten World Peace The Treaty of Versailles caused anger and resentment Germany was blamed for WWI, stripped of its’ colonies and forced to pay reparations The USSR resented the carving up of parts of Russia (Ex. Poland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania Stalin Transforms the USSR Joseph Stalin “Man of Steel” took over after Lenin’s death in 1924 He wanted to create a perfect Communist state He pushed for industrial and agricultural growth With his 5 year plans the USSR became the world’s second largest industrial power Stalin purged or killed 8-13 million people who threatened his power By 1939 Stalin had established complete control and created a totalitarian state Fascism Extreme Nationalism Focus on or looking to the glory of the past, big public rallies or events Glorification of war, strong armies, etc. Forceful or Charismatic leaders Militaristic Expansionism Interest of the state put ahead of the individual Glorification of the leader Anticommunist Benito Mussolini Disgruntled Italian WWI Veteran, Powerful Speaker Played on fears of economic collapse and communism Oct. 1922 he marched on Rome with his “black shirts” The Italian King gave in and Mussolini was called “IL Duce” or the leader He crushed all opposition and made Italy a totalitarian state Adolf Hitler Born in Austria in 1889 he took the name of his stepfather Went to Vienna to pursue an art career Served in WWI, was wounded and gassed In 1919 he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party ( Nazis) Organized an unsuccessful “Putsch” in 1923 While in prison wrote Mein Kampf or “My Struggle” Called himself Der Fuhrer or “ the Leader” Hitler II Hitler dreamed of uniting a German speaking people into a German Empire or “Reich” He believed Aryans were the master race He wanted to enforce racial “purification” by getting rid of Jews, Slavs, and non-whites He wanted lebensraum or living space for Germans Hitler played on German fears of massive unemployment and communism, yet he blamed the Jews, and promised to return Germany to a position of power Nazis in Power Many German men who were out of work joined Hitler’s private army, the Brown Shirts By mid 1932, the Nazis had a majority in the Reichstag and in 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor Hitler destroyed individual rights and free press He promised to create a “Third Reich” which would last a thousand years Rome and Berlin Form the Axis In 1935 Mussolini invaded Ethiopia In 1936 Germany and Italy formed the Axis Japanese Militarists In the 1930’s Nationalist Militarist were taking control of the Imperial Government of Japan led by Hideki Tojo Japan Attacks Manchuria Japan needed iron, coal, and petroleum to support its emerging empire In 1931 Japan attacked the Chinese providence of Manchuria for its mineral resources By 1937 Japan controlled all of China’s coastal areas The Unites States was warned that the OpenDoor Policy of trading with China would end The US warned Japan and cut exports of steel and oil to Japan, while sending aid to China The Spanish Civil War A Prelude of War to Come In 1936 a group of army officers led by Francisco Franco rebelled against the government About 3,000 Americans went to fight against the Fascist, “The Abraham Lincoln Battalion” Hitler and Mussolini aided Franco, after 500,000 lives were lost Franco became dictator in 1939 American Isolationism Americans wanted to stay out of future conflicts The Nye Committee showed how many profited due to WWI “Merchants of Death” 1935 Neutrality Acts outlawed arm sales or loans to nations at war FDR found a way to send arms to China In 1937 FDR urged a “Quarantine” of Ch 16 Sec 2- The War in Europe What were Hitler’s motives for expansion? What were the Blitzkrieg tactics used against Poland and Western Europe? What were the first battles of WWII? Axis Aggression In 1936 Hitler marched troops into the Rhineland a demilitarized area of W. Germany Early in 1938 Hitler annexed Austria( The Anschluss) In 1938 Hitler demanded the Sudetenland, a section of Czechoslovakia inhabited by ethnic Germans Axis Aggression II Great Britain and France appease Hitler 1938 Munich Pact – Neville Chamberlain signed an agreement with Hitler giving up the Sudetenland 1938 Hitler took all of Czechoslovakia 1939 Hitler signs a Non Aggression Pact with Stalin and the USSR + War in Europe Sept 1st, 1939 Germany invades Poland, “Blitzkrieg” or lightening war is used Great Britain and France declare war The USSR was neutral, Stalin and Hitler had already agreed to divide up Poland British and French troops waited along the Maginot Line for an attack, the “Phony War” ensued Stalin annexes the Baltic states and defeats Finland Hitler Invades Western Europe April 1940, Hitler invades Demark and Norway May 1940, Hitler invades Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg German tanks move through the Ardennes Forrest bypassing the Maginot Line 400,000 British troops escape at Dunkirk June 1940 France is attacked by the Germans in the North and the Italians in the South, Paris Falls French General Charles de Gaulle fled to England to govern in exile The Battle of Britain During the summer of 1940 the Luftwaffe began to bomb Britain In order to launch Operation Sea Lion Hitler had to destroy the RAF fighters and gain control of the air With the help of radar the British fought back and bombed Germany The British were motivated by their new Prime Minister Winston Churchill The Tripartite Pact In Sept. 1940 The Three nations of Germany, Italy and Japan signed a mutual defense treaty known as the Tripartite Pact The Axis Powers were united The goal was to keep the US out of war, and if we declared war on any member of the pact the US would have a two- ocean war Invasion of the USSR Frustrated that England will not fall, In June 1941, Hitler launches Operation Babarrosa an all out attack on the USSR German troops push deep into the interior of the USSR, Leningrad was under siege, Stalingrad was rubble, and German guns boomed only miles outside Moscow Stalin took the brunt of the German offensive, millions of Soviets perished Ch 16 Sec 3- The Holocaust Why did the Nazis persecute the Jews? What was the final solution? What were the profound and lasting effects of the Holocaust and its survivors? Jewish Persecution Begins In 1933 Hitler orders all Jews be removed from government jobs In 1935 The Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs and property. Jews were forced to wear a yellow Star of David In Nov. 1938 Kristallnacht or “Night of Broken Glass Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues were smashed or burned 100 Jews were killed, 30,000 were taken prisoner The US accepted Jews of “Merit”, but not the SS Saint Louis Liberation of the Concentration Camps Both Red Army troops liberating extermination camps in Poland and US/British troops liberating camps in Germany were horrified at what they had found Starving Inmates, Unburied bodies, and massive Ch. 16 Sec 4 – America Moves Toward War What was the US response to the outbreak of WWII? How did FDR help the Allies without declaring war ? What events brought the US into conflict with Germany? What was the US response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor? Isolationism to Involvement Americans still want to stay out of the war the Neutrality Acts of 1935,36, and 37 were still in force – 1935- No weapons to nations at war – 1936- Banned loans to such nations – 1937 -Trade Non-military goods “Cash and Carry” 1940 the conservative America First Committee was formed to keep the US out, famous members included Henry Ford and Lindbergh After Hitler attacked Poland, FDR looks to Debating the American Role After the attack on Poland Congress repealed the arms embargo and gave the British and the French the arms they needed transported on US ships (The Neutrality Acts were dead) FDR Destroyer Deal with Winton Churchill 50 old US Ships in exchange for bases in the Western hemisphere The Election of 1940 FDR Vs Wendell Willkie FDR – “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” FDR wins! “The Great Arsenal Of Democracy” In 1940 Congress passed the Selective Training and Service Act, the nation’s first peacetime draft. (16 million between the ages of 21-35 were eligible, 1 million were drafted) In March 1941 FDR and Congress passed The Lend-Lease Act to support Britain In June 1941 after Hitler invaded the USSR Lend-lease aid was extended to Stalin as well In Sept. 1941 the US Navy used the convoy system against German “Wolf-pack” attacks (U-boats) Undeclared Naval War existed The Atlantic Charter By August 1941 FDR was planning for war FDR and Churchill meet on the USS Augusta and issue the Atlantic Charter a joint declaration of war aims: ( Signed by 26 nations) Collective Security Disarmament Self-Determination Economic Cooperation Freedom of the Seas Basis of a “Declaration of the United Japanese Aggression As French, Dutch, and British colonies lay unprotected Japanese leaders unite East Asia under Japanese control In July 1941 Japanese forces take Indochina US cuts trade with Japan including oil In Nov. 1941 Japan sent peace envoys to Washington, while Tojo ordered the Japanese Navy to prepare for an attack In Nov. FDR sent a war warning to bases in the Pacific Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack was planed by Adm. Yamamoto The Japanese Fleet left Japan in Nov. 1941, the US lost the location of the fleet somewhere in the Northern Pacific The US broke the Japanese code instructing Japan to deny any peace proposals Attack on Pearl Harbor II On Sunday December 7th, at 7:55 am about 350 Japanese planes attacked The US Base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Three battleships were sunk, one was grounded and four were damaged 175 US airplanes were destroyed 2,335 American soldiers and sailors were killed, 1,178 wounded On the same day Japan attacked the Philippines, Guam, Hong Kong, and Singapore