Download Americans and the World in Crisis 1933-1945

Americans and the World in Crisis
1933-1945
Chapter 25
Foreign Policy 1933-1939
• Latin America
– Good Neighbor Policy
• Pan American Conference 1933
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Formal convention signed
Withdrew American troops
Renounced Platt Amendment
Economic interference instead of
military
• Tested
– Cuba
» Economic crisis 1933
» No direct intervention
– Mexico
» Reform government in power
1936
» Seized US and British oil
companies
» Compensation agreements
reached
Rise of Aggressive states in Europe and Asia
• Soviet Union
– Formally recognized in 1933 by US
– Joseph Stalin leader
– Communist
• Japan
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Hideki Tojo
Wanted natural resources
Invasion of China 1931
Rape of Nanking 1937
• Italy
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Benito Mussolini
Fascist leader
Wanted new Roman Empire
Starts with Ethiopia
• Germany
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Totalitarian government
Adolf Hitler
Starts rearmament of Germany
Munich Conference 1938
America stays NEUTRAL
• Keeping with the Trend
– Isolationist since 1920s
• America First Committee
– Charles Lindbergh, Coughlin
– Gerald Nye
• WWI investigations
• “merchants of death”
• Gathering Storm
– Neutrality Acts 1935-1937
– FDR’s “quarantine aggressors”
– Axis Actions
• Japan violates naval treaties 1936
• Germany violates Munich Pact
– FDR’s response
• Actions “short of war”
• $300 million war appropriations
• 1.3 billion defense budget
War in Europe
• Germany invades Poland
9/1/1939
– Breaks Treaty of Versailles
• Britain and France declare
war
• German invades Baltic spring
1940
• US response
– Stay neutral but amend acts
– “cash and carry” policy
– US economy benefitted
• France surrenders 6/22/1940
• Hitler turns to Britain
– Air raids and u-boats
• Reelection
– FDR limited in order for
reelection
– Unprecedented 3rd term
– Defeats (R) Wendell Willkie
• Action
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Selective Service Act 1940
“Lend-lease” program
Cash provision scrapped
Atlantic Charter 1941
Pearl Harbor 12/07/1941
• Lead up
– US threat to Japan’s global policy
– 1940 US ended treaty with Japan
• Japan signs Tripartite Act with Germany and Italy
1940
– Invades French Indochina
• FDR freezes Japanese assets in US
• Imposes oil embargo
• Coming War
– Japan increasingly threatening to US
– Codes broken, attack imminent
• Attack
– Pearl Harbor attack technically victory for Japan
– 350 aircraft destroyed, 2,400 killed, 1,200
wounded
– Japan continues attack on Philippines, Malaya,
and Hong Kong
• Response
– US Declaration of War 12/08/1941
Mobilizing for War
• Selective Service Act 1940
– Four Freedoms Speech
• 1941
– 1.6 million in Armed Forces
– 15% industrial output
• War Powers Act
– Unprecedented presidential
authority
– Joint Chiefs of Staff
• Army, Navy, and Air Force
– Office of Strategic Services
• Forerunner to CIA
• Combated espionage
Wartime Industry
• War Production Board (WPB)
– Allocated materials
– Directed conversion of peacetime
industries to war industries
– $100 million in contracts in 1st ½
of 1942
• War Manpower Commission
(WMC)
– Supervised mobilization
• National War Labor Board
(NWLB)
– Mediated disputes between labor
and management
– Unions asked not to strike
• Office of Price Administration
(OPA)
– Rationed scare products
– Imposed price controls
• 1942 Justice James Brynes
– “Assistant President”
– In charge of Domestic war effort
• Assembly Line
– 1942 ½ economy geared for war
– Equaled Germany, Italy, and Japan’s
output combined
– Created synthetic rubber
• Greatest Weapons manufacturer
– Henry Ford
– Henry Kaiser “liberty ships”
• 1944 Economic Bill of Rights
– Not enacted by Congress
• Consequences
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Powers of government swelled
Defense spending increased
Federal budget soared
Fed. Civilian employees increased
War Economy
• $320 billion cost
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Ended depression
Unemployment vanished
Stimulated industrial booms
Doubled output and GNP
Real wages increased
• Investment in America
– West
• $40 billion investment
• LA 2nd largest manufacturing center
– South
• Textile, oil, natural gas
• Shipyards, aircraft plants
• A New America
– Per capita income tripled
– Only shift EVER towards greater
equality
– Middle class created
– Large scale farmers profited
• Higher prices
• Increased productivity
• Farm consolidation
– 1st income tax
– Labor Unions
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From 9 to 14.8 million
“maintenance of membership”
Limited wildcat strikes
Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes
1943
– Limited union power
– Inflation
• Congress gave FDR control
• Combated with rationing
• Raised taxes
Propaganda
• Office of Censorship
– Suppression of information
– Banned photos of American
dead until 1943
• Office of War Information
– Employed 4,000 artists,
writers, advertisers
• Norman Rockwell
– Countered enemy propaganda
– Moral struggle between good
and evil
– Hollywood helped
• Reinforced through movies, on
radio
• News programs
• Cartoons, Superheroes
The Battlefront 1942-1944
• Europe
– Operation Torch Nov. 1942
• North Africa
• Led by Gen. Eisenhower
• Surrender of Rommel
– Battle of Stalingrad
• Huge Russian victory
– Italy 1943
• Allied invasion
• Spread to Peninsula
• Difficult campaign
– D-Day June 4, 1944
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Allied invasion of France
Largest sea-land operation
Operation Overlord
Led by Eisenhower
– Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944
• Month-long battle
• Decisive Allied victory
• Asia
– Philippines 1942
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MacArthur leaves troops
Hides in Australia
78,000 surrender
Bataan Death March
– Battle at Coral Sea May 1942
• 1st all-plane battle
– Midway 1942
• Crucial US outpost
• Broke Jap signal
• Destroyed large portion of
Japanese army
– Guadalcanal Aug.1942
• Had to deal with Malaria
• 6 bitter months of battle
• Two-pronged advanced
– Island-Hopping
• new strategy
Politics Abroad And At Home
• Casablanca 1943
– 1st conference of “big three”
– Meet to define goals
• Teheran
– 2nd meeting
• Goals:
– FDR
• Total defeat of Axis powers
• Establishment of world order strong
enough to preserve peace and
open-trade
– Churchill
• Balance of power in Europe
• Retain imperial possessions
– Soviet Union
• Permanently weakened Germany
• Sphere of influence in Eastern
Europe
• 1944 Election
– Wallace dropped as VP
• Truman more conservative
– Republican challenger Thomas
Dewey
– Smallest margin of victory for FDR
American Society
• Home Front
– Mass internal migration
– New job opportunities
– Urbanization
• Housing shortages
– Prosperity after depression
– Conservation
• Victory garden
• Consumer goods shortage
– Psychological effects
• High divorce rates
• Family violence
• Juvenile delinquency
– Traditional conventions
strengthened
Women on the Home Front
• More opportunities
– Thousands of jobs opened
– Not just “white collar”
– More married women hired
• “Rosie the Riveter”
– “making history while
working for victory”
• Education
– Teachers, students leave
schools
– Colleges forced to admit
more women
African American Life
• Status
– 9/10 lived below poverty line
– Earned only 39% of white income
– Unemployment will drop 80% during
WWII
• “Double- V” campaign 1942
– Victory over Axis powers AND
discrimination
– NAACP membership at 500,000
• CORE 1942
– Congress of Racial Equality
– Non-violent methods
– Against Jim Crow laws in north
• Philip Randolph
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Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
“thundering march” 1941
End discrimination in Armed Services
FDR compromised
Beginning of Civil Rights movement
• Executive Order 8802
– 1st presidential directive on race
– Prohibited discriminatory
employment practices by federal
agencies
• 1 million served in Armed
Forces
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Restricted jobs
Few units
7,000 officers
761st tank battalion
Segregated units
• Home Front Violence
– Race Riots
• Harlem 1943 (Mobile, Beaumont)
• Detroit
– 32 hours
– 34 dead, 700 injured
– $2 million in damage
Other Ethnicities
• American- Indians
– 25,000 served in Armed Forces
– Navajo “code-talkers”
• Iwo Jima
– Worked in defense industries
on west coast
– Incomes tripled
– Discrimination
• National Congress of American
Indians 1944
• Mexicans
– Braceros, temporary workers
– Hostility against “zoot suits”
– 350,000 served
• Not segregated
• Very decorated
• Gays/Lesbians
– New opportunities
– Freedom
– Veteran’s Benevolent
Association 1945
• Japanese
– Suffered most
– Over 100,000 interned or
placed in relocation camps
– Reflected 40 years of antiJapanese sentiment
– Supreme Court upheld with
Korematsu case 1944
– $2 billion in property loss
• Later compensated
The Holocaust
• When did America
know?
– Leaked early 1942
• No photographs
• Not believed
– Nov. 1942 State
Department admits
knowledge
• How much could
have been done?
Finishing the War
• Europe
– March 1945
• Crossed into heartland
– V-E Day
• Berlin surrounded
• Hitler's suicide
• Surrender May 8th, 1945
– FDR dies April 12, 1945
• Yalta Conference
– End of War in sight
– US
• Wants to pressure GB about India
• Wants free elections in Eastern
Europe
• Dollar replaces pound
– Soviet Union
• Has advantage
• Wants Manchuria
• Wants Eastern Europe
• Japan/ Asia
– 1945 Iwo Jima
• “meat grinder”
– June 1945 Okinawa
• Brutal war, mass casualties
– Japan holds to “bitter end”
• How many Americans would die?
– Potsdam Conference
• Truman announces Atomic Bomb
• Japan warned
– Enola Gay 8/6/1945
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Destroys Hiroshima
Nagasaki 8/8/1945
90,000 + dead
130,000+ injured
– Japan’s surrender
• Unconditional August 14, 1945
• Officially September 2, 1945
Was it Justified?
Costs of the A-Bomb
Conclusion
• Deadliest war in history
• 20 million dead, 25 million civilians
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7.5 million Russians
3.5 million Germans
1.2 million Japanese
2.2 million Chinese
6 million Jews
• Asia/Europe in rubble
• United Nations created
• America
– Middle class created
– “can-do” attitude
– World superpower