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World War II • Objectives: – To understand the causes of World War II. – To understand the major events that occurred during the war. – To understand the major turning points during the war. – To understand the events that led to the end of the war. ACTS OF AGGRESSION 1931 - Japan Invades Manchuria (China) The Japanese army ignored the Japanese parliament and launched a fullscale invasion of Manchuria. Area rich in iron and coal. The League of Nations protested the attack. Japan ignored the protests and withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. What does this incident tell us about the League of Nations? •The League cannot enforce its authority. •A Non-European event did not attract major European powers. •Other powers see this as a sign that they could get away with the use of force. •The League lost its most powerful member in the Far East and ultimately Japan was to unite with the two other nations that broke League rules - Germany and Italy. 1937 • Beijing and other northern cities fell • Then Nanjing fell to the Japanese. Rape of Nanking: Japanese massacred more than 100,000 Chinese civilians and raped hundreds of thousands 1940 • Japan invaded French Indochina and several other areas ACTS OF AGGRESSION 1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia On October 3, 1935, Italy attacked Ethiopia without a declaration of war. On October 7, the League of Nations unanimously declared Italy an aggressor and imposed mild economic sanctions. Ineffecitve. Benito Mussolini “I refuse to believe that the real people of Great Britain and France, who have never had discords with Italy, are prepared to run the risk of hurling Europe along the road to catastrophe for the sake of defending an African country universally branded as a country without the slightest shadow of civilization.” How Does Mussolini justify the attack of Ethiopia? AXIS POWER Adolf Hitler (right) is considered one of the most brutal dictators in history. After purging possible rivals for leadership, Hitler rearmed Germany into a modern war machine. He and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini (left), both Fascists, became allies in 1936. Rome-Berlin Axis.They are shown here in Munich, Germany, in 1937. GERMAN AGGRESSION 1935 Adolf Hitler says will no longer limit the size of his army as required by Versailles Treaty. League of Nations gives mild condemnation. 1936: Hitler moves into Rhineland, the buffer zone between France and Germany GERMAN AGGRESSION Hitler invaded Austria in 1938. Some Austrians welcomed the Nazis and were content to see their country incorporated into Germany. Treaty of Versailles had forbidden Anschluss: union between Germany and Austria. The British Government, led by Neville Chamberlain, merely registered a diplomatic protest. France and Britain ignored their pledge to protect Austrian independence. Hitler informs jubilant Nazi deputies in the Reichstag that Germany has annexed Austria, 1938. APPEASEMENT 1938 Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany. Sudetenland was area of Czechoslovakia that was home to 3 million German speaking people. Munich Pact: Britain and France allowed Hitler to seize the Sudetenland in return for assurance that Hitler had no further territorial claims in Europe. PEACE FOR OUR TIME! “My good friends… I have returned form Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time… Go home and get a nice quiet sleep.” “An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last.” - Winston Churchill On 15 March 1939, the German army occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia. The Policy Of Appeasement Based on what you have learned, and these Dr. Seuss cartoons, what does ‘appeasement’ mean? Nazi-Soviet Pact On August 23, 1939, the world was shocked when, suddenly, Russia and Germany signed a non-aggression pact. In addition, the two countries had a secret agreement to invade and divide ______________ between them. Exit Slip • What weaknesses made the League of Nations an ineffective force for peace in the 1920s and 1930s. GERMANY INVADES POLAND On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Hitler introduced a new kind of war called a blitzkrieg, which means “lightning war.” German bombers targeted railroads, shown here, which crippled Polish military mobilization. Hundreds of tanks smashed through Polish defenses and rolled deep into the country. The Poles fought hard, but on September 17, the Soviet Union invaded their country from the east. By the end of the month, Poland had fallen. Acts of Aggression Lead to WWII Country Japan Italy Area Attacked Allies’ Reaction 1931 - Manchuria China 1. Need for natural resources. League of Nations condemned the action but did nothing. Ethiopia - Africa 1. Distract Italians from depression. 2. Promised to build the new Roman Empire League of Nations: ineffective economic sanctions. Other nations concerned with their own problems. 1. German people lived there. 1. None even though it was a direct violation of the treaty 2. German people lived there. 2. Hitler promised he was finished. Britain & France appeased and didn't fight. 3. Desire for land. 3. Britain and France declare war. 1. Austria (1938) Germany Reason 2.Czechoslovakia/Sudeten -land (1938) 3. Poland (1939) World War II Rages On Stage III: United States and Neutrality 1939 Isolationists The United States is sympathetic to the Allies but __________________ control the Congress. Roosevelt’s (FDR’s) Fireside Chats assure that the U.S. will remain __________________________. neutral _______ ______Carry _________: The U.S. will sell arms to Allies for cash only Cash and and goods had to be picked up by the Allies. France Falls! In May 1940, the Germans attacked France. The French army was caught off guard. The blitzkrieg sent French forces into a confused retreat, and as the Germans marched into Paris on June 14, the French government collapsed. Evacuation - “Miracle" of Dunkirk Following the German attack, Navy ships were hastily gathered and sent to the port of Dunkirk. Troops waited their turn to be evacuated on the surrounding sandy beaches. At the port, ships and beaches came under increasing aerial attack, small civilian boats were sent across to help take men directly off the beaches. How were the events at Dunkirk perceived by the Allied Powers? German Blitzkreig Dominates The Bombing of Britain In Summer of 1940, the German Luftwaffe hit London with the Blitz, with bombing raids on the capital and dog-fights in its sky during the Battle of Britain. Operation Barbarossa Turning Point: Stalingrad During the fall and early winter of 1941, German armored divisions had advanced toward Moscow at a rapid pace, capturing hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in the process. But by the first week of December, snow began falling, and temperatures plunged to -40° F. The German soldiers, not dressed for winter weather, were freezing and losing their will to fight. Their equipment also froze, becoming useless. The Russian winter finally accomplished what its military had failed to do: It halted the German offensive. Turning Point: Pearl Harbor On Sunday, December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft initiated a surprise attack on the United States Pacific Fleet at Hawaii’s Pearl Harbor. The Japanese hoped to cripple the American fleet, which they perceived as the principal threat to victory in a war against the United States. Within a few hours the Japanese had destroyed four battleships and damaged four more, including the USS Arizona (pictured), destroyed other naval vessels and a large number of combat aircraft, and killed and wounded many American naval and military personnel. United States Declares War On December 8, 1941, the day after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress and asked for a declaration of war against Japan. Roosevelt called December 7 “a date which will live in infamy.” Japanese Aggression in Pacific After Pearl Harbor, the Japanese took over the Philippines, Indochina, Taiwan, and many other Pacific islands. Island Hopping Strategy Successful Okinawa, 1945 Iwo Jima, 1944-45 Midway, 1942 Philippines, 1944 Guadalcanal, 1942-43 Led by Douglas McArthur, the United States began an island hopping campaign that would push the Japanese back to Japan. Battle of Okinawa The Allies then moved on to Okinawa, an island 350 miles from southern Japan. The Japanese put up a desperate fight. On June 22, the __________ bloodiest land battle of the war ended. The Japanese lost _________ 110,000 troops, and the Americans _______. 12,500 Turning Point: Midway The Battle of Midway was a victory for American forces and marked a turning point in the Pacific theater during World War II. The battle was fought in the waters off the Midway Islands in June 1942 between United States land- and carrier-based planes and Japanese carrier-based planes. The Japanese lost four aircraft carriers, two cruisers, and three destroyers. The Americans lost the aircraft carrier Yorktown and one destroyer. Battle of Iwo Jima In March of 1945, American Marines gained control of the tiny, but strategically located, island of Iwo Jima. Iwo Jima is just 660 miles from Tokyo. This victory came after losing more than 20,000 more soldiers than they had ever lost in any single battle. Turning Points: Africa and Italy Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944 Operation Torch, 1942-43 Invasion of Sicily and Italy, 1943 El Alamein, 1942-43 The “Big Three” Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill A meeting in Tehrān, Iran, in 1943 was held to discuss the military strategy and post-World War II policy for Europe. The leaders decided to invade France in 1944, against Churchill’s recommendations. The meeting marked the apex of the East-West wartime alliance. D-Day: Operation Overlord On June 6, 1944, a force of about 152,000 Allied soldiers from the United States, Britain, and Canada stormed the beaches of Normandy in northern France, where they were supported by about 23,000 paratroopers. D-Day was the largest seaborne invasion in history. The invasion at Normandy, France took the Germans by surprise, because they expected an invasion from the narrowest part of the English Channel. The Germans fought the invasion fiercely, but by the end of the day, all five beaches were secured by the Allies. Battle of the Bulge • The Battle of the Bulge which lasted from December 16, 1944 to January 28, 1945 was the largest land battle of World War II in which the United States participated. More than a million men fought in this battle including some 600,000 Germans, 500,000 Americans, and 55,000 British. • At the conclusion of the battle the casualties were: 81,000 U.S. with 19,000 killed, 1400 British with 200 killed, and 100,000 Germans killed, wounded or captured. The Yalta Conference In February 1945 the leaders of the Allied powers, known as the Big Three, met at Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula to discuss Allied military strategy in the final months of World War II. VE-DAY: May 8, 1945 Winston Churchill acknowledges crowd. VE Day marks the day of the Allies' victory in Europe during World War II. After 3 1/2 years of war, Nazi Germany surrendered unconditionally in 1945. Pacific War Battles On! Kamikaze, which in Japanese means “divine wind,” were suicide squadrons organized by the Japanese air force in the last months of World War II. Pilots flew their aircraft, loaded with explosives, directly into U.S. naval vessels. Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 40 U.S. ships. HARRY TRUMAN When Franklin Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, Harry Truman came into office. The European war was coming to an end, and he was left to concentrate his power on the war in the Pacific. The only obstacle that the United States needed to overcome was Japanese expansion. Although much of the Japanese naval fleet and air force had been destroyed by Allied raids, their ancient Bushido tradition prevented a surrender. Therefore, an Allied victory would create extremely high casualties; military advisors predicted that an invasion of Japan would cost over 1 million American lives. This fact put Truman in a very difficult position. He had to choose between the massive destruction the bomb would cause Japan and saving the lives of his American soldiers. What would you do? Use the Atomic Bomb to make the Japanese surrender, invade Japan, or find another solution? Atomic Bomb On August 6, 1945, during World War II, the United States dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, a Japanese city and military center. An estimated 60,000 to 70,000 people were killed or reported missing, according to U.S. estimates, and thousands more were made homeless. Sixteen hours after the attack, U.S. President Harry S. Truman’s report of the event was broadcast to radio listeners. The Atomic Age Begins! Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Over 20,000 people died instantly. In the successive weeks, thousands more Japanese died from the after effects of the radiation exposure of the blast. VJ-Day: The War is Over! Japanese officials formally surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945, aboard the United States battleship Missouri. Japan's surrender brought an end to World War II (1939-1945).