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World War II Terms to Know • Fascism: a new militant political movement that emphasizes the importance of the state and it’s leader – Nationalist movement; capitalist; no theory • Communism: an economic system where the means of production are owned by the people; no private property; all goods are shared equally – International movement; follows Marx Italy • Italians upset after WWI; didn’t gain territory; inflation; unemployment • Benito Mussolini promises to rescue the economy and improve the military • Starts fascist party in 1919 • Played on the rich man’s fear of a worker’s revolt Benito – “Il Duce” • “il duce” or the leader • Abolished democracy • Outlawed all political parties (except fascists) • Secret police • Censored all media – radio and newspapers • Outlawed workers strikes Germany • Germans upset with Treaty of Versailles – Guilt Clause • German people broke after WWI – inflation, unemployment & strikes • Depression hits Germany hard; can’t pay reparations to France or GB Enter the Nazi’s • National Socialist German Worker’s Party • 1920 – 40 members; 1923 – 35,000 • People unhappy with Weimar Republic, guilt clause & reparations • Economy also in shambles • 11/8 – 11/9/1923 Beer Hall Putsch (coup); Hitler tries to take over government; arrested & put in jail for treason Hitler Rises to Power • In jail writes Mein Kampf – “Aryans” master race – Treaty of Versailles – outrage – Lebensraum (making room) into E. Europe and Russia • After release, popular in Nazi party • Appointed chancellor Hitler’s Rise to Power • • • • SS – murdered and arrested “enemies” Gestapo made German’s obedient Took control of economy Ended unemployment – making less $; but have a job • Uses propaganda to control all aspects of German thinking • Controlled books, radio, newspapers, even education • Wants to annex German-speaking areas The Path to War • Japan needs natural resources and export markets • 1931 Invades Manchuria; renames it Manchukuo • China protests in League of Nations; Japan withdraws from League • 1937 Japan invades China to get to oil in East Indies Italy Invades/Spanish Unrest • 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia • League of Nations condemns, but doesn’t block sale of oil, coal or iron • Francisco Franco leads a civil war in Spain after king abdicates throne • 1938 Franco wins and starts a fascist government Axis Powers • 1936 Hitler moves into Rhineland (against Versailles Treaty) • Hitler & Mussolini (and later Japan) form an alliance; the Axis powers • 1938 Aunschluss – Joining of Austria to Germany; Western powers refuse to intervene Hitler continues aggression… • Hitler then moves to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia • Munich Conference; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agrees to Sudetenland in policy of appeasement • Appeasement: policy of giving someone what they want in order to avoid conflict • Hitler then breaks Munich agreement and invades Czechoslovakia Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • Hitler wants Poland • GB & France try to align with Stalin to stop Hitler • Hitler and Stalin sign the NonAggression Pact; will split Poland between them • Hitler can now invade Poland and War begins… War in Europe • Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” • Successful strategy for Hitler; takes Western half of Poland • Stalin takes Eastern half, Baltics & Finland Churchill takes over… • 1940 – Britain mines Norwegian waters to block German trade • Hitler then invades Denmark and Norway • Chamberlain resigns and Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of GB France is lost… • Hitler avoids Maginot line by going through Luxembourg, Netherlands & Belgium – surrounds the Allies • Allies forced to evacuate at Dunkirk • 300,000 by sea Vichy Government Established • Evacuation a success, but Paris is lost • Hitler takes France • Installs puppet government in the city of Vichy Battle of Britain • Luftewaffe vs. RAF • Trying to establish air superiority over the English Channel • London bombing – called the great Blitz • Germans eventually give up The Americans… • Neutrality Acts of 1937: no arms shipments, loans or credit to belligerent nations • Policy of Isolationism: attempting to stay out of world affairs and concentrate on itself • Despite this, FDR tries to motivate Americans to enter the war and help the Allies • Cash and Carry Policy: FDR gets Congress to trade cash for supplies with GB • Lend-Lease: after GB runs out of $, we lease them war equipment The Americans Continued… • FDR wants to get into the war • 1941 – FDR & Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter, which calls for the destruction of the Nazis; renews idea of selfdetermination and upholds free trade • Atlantic Charter basis for treaties at end of WWII. Eastern Europe & Africa • 1940 – Mussolini declares war on GB & France • Churchill moves into Libya to stop the Italians, but then redirects troops to Yugoslavia and Greece. This effort failed. • German General Rommell, the desert fox, pushed GB out of Libya and saves Italians from certain defeat in Africa Stalin and Hitler break up… • Hitler invades USSR in 1941; called Operation Barbarossa • Germans make it to within a few miles of Moscow before a Soviet counter-attack turns turns them back Japanese Expansion • 1940 Japan gains northern Indochina (Vietnam) • US imposes an embargo on scrap iron to Japan • Japan then signs Tripartite Pact (it’s an Axis Power now) • 1941 Japan invades southern Indochina; captures Hong Kong and invades Malay peninsula • US embargoes oil sales and freezes Japan’s assets in the US “…a day which will live in infamy” • Japan bombs US naval base in Hawaii, Pearl Harbor • Attack did damage to the Pacific fleet, but luckily most of the aircraft carriers were out to sea and not damaged • US declares war on Japan Everyone is in… • • • • US declares war on Japan Axis powers declare war on US Allied powers declare war on Japan Meanwhile, Soviets suffering huge losses to Germany. USSR only Allies fighting in Europe while the US and GB concentrate on North Africa and the Mediterranean New War Technologies • Enigma – code breaking machine • Radar – Germans didn’t know GB had – Battle of Britain significant • Aircraft Carriers – key in Pacific war • New Tanks – didn’t fall over like WWI • Atomic Bomb – Manhattan Project in the United States Japanese Internment U.S. moves all Japanese citizens into internment camps in interior of country Turning Points • Battles in the air and on the sea between Axis and Allied powers in the North Atlantic and Europe continue • GB defeats Rommel and capture Libya • Allies land troops in Morocco and Algeria to trap the German forces in N. Africa. • Free French troops under Charles de Gaulle help out. Turning Points continued… • Germans finally stopped at Stalingrad • Germans forced to surrender in February 1943 after the winter sets in; 180,000 troops lost in a battle of attrition Turning Points continued… • 1943 – US and GB commanders meet in Casablanca and decide to attack Sicily • Successful invasion of Sicily forces Mussolini out of power, but Germans seize Rome and place him in power in the North. • Takes Allies 5 months to dislodge German forces and take Italy War in the Pacific • Island Hopping by the Americans • Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway and Guadalcanal all end in US success • 1943 Kamikazes begin crashing planes into the US naval forces Allied Victories • June 6, 1944 DDay; Allied forces invade France at Normandy • Gen. George Patton and French resistance forces liberate France from the Nazis by August 25th. Hitler is stopped • Soviets were pushing towards Germany from the West • Allies now pushing from the East • Hitler’s last offensive at the Battle of the Bulge • Soviet and Allied forces converge at the Elbe River • German forces surrendered on May 7th Yalta and Potsdam • Yalta: Stalin, FDR, and Churchill – agree to divide Germany and Berlin into 4 zones at the end of the war – Stalin gets to keep eastern Poland – Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan • Potsdam (6 months later): Stalin, Truman and Attlee – Plans for occupation of Germany – Demand Japan’s unconditional surrender Japan’s Done • 1944 Gen. Douglas MacArthur seized Philippines • 1945 US controls Iwo Jima & Okinawa; GB expels Japanese from SE Asia • Truman uses A-Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japanese surrender on August 14, 1945 Effects of the War • Approximately 55 million killed • USSR suffers 22 million casualties (most) • German and Japanese leaders put on trial for war crimes or crimes against humanity • Nuremberg Trials: trials against Nazi’s for genocide