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World War II By Jordan Eudy Causes of US entering WWII Military Support of Allies -Neutrality Act and Lend-Lease allow US to supply Britain with war goods German Sub Attacks on US naval destroyers while escorting British ships Japanese Imperialism – US economic sanctions against Japan to protest aggression December 7, 1941 Japan attacks Pearl Harbor US Enters WWII December 8, 1941 Allies v. Axis Powers ► Allies Great Britain France Soviet Union (after 6/1941) U.S. (after 12/1941) Plus many smaller European nations ► Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Pearl Harbor ► Japan was working on expanding empire throughout the Pacific ► The U.S. had a trade embargo on Japan to try and deter Japan from invading countries ► U.S. was able to intercept and break Japan's secret codes ► Intercepted the code about Pearl Harbor sent the message on a slower telegram (by accident) to warn U.S. Navy about attack Pearl Harbor Continued It was a Sunday morning - U.S. military was taken off guard 2 full blown attacks on Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 Impact/Damage on U.S. ► ► ► o o o 2,400 U.S. military and civilians lost their lives 1,178 U.S. military and civilians wounded 18 ships and 350 planes sunk or damaged Pearl Harbor Continued ► Japan viewed as a stunning victory ► December Japan ► December 8, 1941, U.S. declares war on 11, 1941, Germany and Italy declare war on U.S. Battle of the Atlantic ► 1939 – 1945 (Jan. 1942 – July 1943 were decisive) ► German U-Boats were sinking unprotected U.S. and other Allies' merchant ships ► Allies began using convoys to protect ships Convoys or (Liberty ship) were much like U-boats, but cheaper and harder to sink The United States began building ships through the automobile factories. ► The Allies also used a sonar system to detect German U-Boats ► The Germans were very successful in the beginning, but by mid 1943, the Allies had the upper hand Battles of the Pacific ► Going against the Japanese ► Working to stop Japanese’s stratagies if island hopping. ► After Pearl Harbor, Japanese Americans were sent to Japanese American Relocation camps, which after the War came back and said it was in violation of Civil Liberties. Mobilizing America to War ► Converting the Economy Churchill quote on America after Pearl Harbor bombing… “Once the fire is lighted under it there is no limit to the power it can generate.” Industrial output outsourced twice as much as German workers and five times more than Japanese workers. Roosevelt’s Incentive ► Government signed COST-PLUS contractsgovernment agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit ► Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)- allowed the opportunity to make loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production. Transforming Industry ► Automobile Industry- Jeeps, Tanks, Trucks, artillery, riffles, mines, helmets, pontoon bridges, cooking pots, and other war needs. Ship Yards-Liberty Ship Building an Army ► Selective Service and Training Act (first peacetime draft in history) ► G.I’s “Government Issue”, brought by the government issued uniforms, boots, exc. Hints the nickname “G.I” ► Basic Training Segregated (Tuskegee Airmen) Women in the military in 1942, Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) (WAC) and were in the Navy, Coast Guard, marines, army, nurses Americans entrance into war ► Poorly Trained No military experience Officers had never seen combat Not organized, yet performed well in combat “They walk like free men.” Developing the Navajo Code Talkers ►Navajos were used to come in and help transfer codes that couldn’t be transferred and were easier to relay then the long messages they had. SKIP TO SLIDE 47 PROJECT BEGINS HERE "The Battle of the Atlantic was the only thing that really frightened me" - Winston Churchill. Battle of Stalingrad (June 1941 – January 31, 1943) ► Germans violated nonaggression pact with Soviet Union and attacked ► Hitler hoped to captured Soviet oil fields ► Germans city) ► Winter nearly won (controlled 9/10 of the of 1943 hit Battle of Stalingrad cont… ► Hitler forced Germans to stay put ► Soviets used to their advantage and won ► Soviets lost 1,100,000 people in this battle ► Turning ► From point in WWII that point on, Soviet army began to move westward towards Germany Normandy Invasion (D-Day) ► June 6, 1944 ► During this time, Soviet Union was pushing into Poland and Allies were pushing North in Italy ► Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower and George Patton influential in leading attack ►3 million ally troops to attack Normandy Invasion cont. D – Day 60 mile stretch of beach 156,000 troops 4,000 landing craft 600 warships 11,000 planes Largest land-sea-air operation in history Omaha beach known as one of the most brutal areas ► The D-Day Museum in Portsmouth, England claims a total of 2,500 Allied troops died, while German forces suffered between 4,000 and 9,000 total casualties on D-Day. ► The Heritage Foundation in the U.S. claims 4,900 U.S. dead on D-Day ► The U.S. Army Center of Military History cites a total casualty figure for U.S. forces at 6,036. This number combines dead and wounded in the D-Day battles ► John Keegan, American Historian and Author believes that 2,500 Americans died along with 3,000 British and Canadian troops on D-Day ► By the end of the of the entire Normandy Campaign, nearly 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded, or missing. Normandy Invasion cont. The battle continues ► W/in 1 month, a million more troops ► September 1944, France was freed from Nazi control Battle of the Bulge ► December ► German front) 16, 1944 tanks broke through American lines (80 mile ► Fought in Belgium - Germany was trying to capture Antwerp ► Very brutal war - one of the most extensive of U.S. military (120 American GIs captured and mowed down by SS machine guns and pistols) Battle of the Bulge Cont. ► Germans were winning in the beginning ► 120,000 Germans died (also lost 600 tanks and guns and 1,600 planes – leading to defeat)) ► 80,000 Americans ► Americans died won, but were close to losing Battle of the Coral Sea ► Prior to this battle, the Japanese were winning every battle and taking over the Pacific ► May 1942 - U.S. and Australia stopped Japan from invading ► Japan won the actual battle, but the allies were able to stop Japan invasion for the first time ► U.S. was beginning to use the Island Hopping technique to weaken Japan’s forces Battle of Midway ► June 1942 ► Admiral Chester Nimitz intercepted Japanese code ► U.S. launched surprise attack on Japan at Pacific island called Midway ► U.S. was successful in the Battle of Midway Battle of Midway ► The Japanese lost 4 carriers, a heavy cruiser, 3 destroyers, some 275 planes, at least 4,800 men, and suffered heavy damage among the remaining vessels of their fleet. ► American losses included 1 carrier, the Yorktown, a destroyer, about 150 planes, and 307 men Iwo Jima ► Island in the Pacific that was critical for U.S. win ► March 1945 ► 27,000 Japanese held Iwo Jima ► U.S. won 26,800 Japanese troops died 6,000 U.S. Marines died Battle of Okinawa ► June 22, 1945 ► Japan’s ► Japan used 1,900 Kamikaze attacks ► 110,000 ► 7,600 ► U.S. last defensive stronghold Japanese troops died - 12,500 U.S U.S. troops died won SKIP TO SLIDE 47 PROJECT Ends HERE Yalta Conference ► Took over place February 1945 before WWII was ► Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill met in Yalta in the Soviet Union to discuss post WWII ► Set up United Nations Yalta – “The Big 3” April 12, 1945 ► At the beginning of his 4th Term, President Franklin D. Roosevelt passes away ► The U.S. went through a major grieving period ► Harry S. Truman, as Vice-President, takes the role as President The end of Hitler ► April 30, 1945 Hitler and Eva Braun commit suicide (gun shot and cyanide) ► Bodies ► Cover burned in street of Time magazine May 7, 1945 V-E Day ► May 8, 1945 ► General Reich ► V-E ► 1st Eisenhower accepted a surrender by the Third day = Victory in Europe day part of War was over Potsdam ► July – August 1945 ► Truman, (Churchill and then Clement Atlee) and Stalin met in Potsdam, Germany ► Drew up a blueprint to disarm Germany and eliminate the Nazi regime Potsdam Continued ► Divided Germany into 4 sections (occupied by France, Britain, U.S. and Soviet Union) ► Berlin to be divided up in East (or Soviet Germany) ► Set up the Nuremberg Trials to persecute Nazi leaders ► Japan must “unconditionally surrender” Potsdam, Germany Nuremberg Trials ► International tribunal court tried Nazi officials ► Over 23 nations tried Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany ► 12 of the 22 defendants were sentenced to death ► 200 other officials were found guilty, but give lesser sentences Manhattan Project ► 200,000 Japanese died due to the Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki ► Hiroshima August 6, 1945 “Little Boy” In 43 seconds, the city collapsed to dust ► Nagasaki August 9, 1945 “Fat Man” Leveled half of the city V-J Day ► August 15, 1945: Japan offers unconditional surrender ► September 2, 1945: V-J Day = Victory in Japan Day (Formal surrender) U.S. Occupation of Japan ► Similar trials held for Japanese war criminals ►7 out of 28 leaders were found guilty and sentenced to death (including Tojo) ► U.S. occupied Japan for 6 years under the direction of General Douglas MacArthur Called for a New Constitution (w/ free elections and women suffrage) Introduced a free market economy Holocaust What is the Holocaust Holocaust ►Holocaust- The Systemic Murder of 11 Million people across Europe, more than half of whom were Jews What is Hitler’s Final Solution Hitler’s final Solution ►Final Solution-(Genocide) the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population What is Hitler’s Master Race ► Aryan or master Race, Blonde Hair, Blue Eyes, this race is superior and must be preserved. All other races were deemed inferior and condemned Jews and others to slavery Aryan Race-Master Race ►Germany’s master race philosophy Why did the Germans persecute these groups: Jews ► Hitler needed a scapegoat to blame problems in Europe on, He chose the Jews► Anti Semitism(hatred of the Jews)had existed in Europe for some time-Hitler blamed Jews for failures. Why did Germans persecute these groups: Gypsies & Freemasons ►Gypsies-were believed to be inferior, by the Nazi's. ►Freemasons-were charged by the Nazis as being supporters of the Jewish Conspiracy to rule the world Why did Germans persecute these groups: Mentally Deficient/ill ►Forced sterilizations-a person was diagnosed with feeblemindness, Operation T4-the killing of patients in hospitals and institutions. Operation 14f13-psychiatrists were sent to camps, and ordered to weed out those too week to work. Unfit to be part of the master race. Concentration Camps ►A place where prisoners were mistreated, subjected to medical experiments, died from disease, starvation, overwork, or were executed as unfit for working. Extermination Camps ► These camps main function after the order of the “Final Solution”; was to kill as many people as possible, as quickly as possible. Within 24 hours of arrival, prisoners would have been killed. Kristallnacht ► Night of Broken Glass-November 9-10, 1938. ► Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish businesses, homes, and synagogues across Germany. ► Hundreds of windows were smashed. ► Broken glass was every where, Jewws were blamed. 6 Extermination Camps/Poland ► Camp: ► 1) Auschwitz-Birkenau ► 2) Treblinka ► 3) Belzic ► 4) Sobibor ► 5) Chelmno ► 6)Majdanek Killed: 1,100,000 700,000 434,500 167,000 152,000 78,000 Operation Reinhard ►Codename Polish Jews for extermination of the