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Related Information Practical Writing Check Yourself Fun Time BOOK2 Unit10 I. Related Information 1. World War II, was also called the Second World War (1939-1945). The principal parties were the Axis powers (轴心国)—Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allies (同盟国)— France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war was in many respects a continuation of the conflicts left unsettled by World War I. The 45-50 million deaths in World War II made it the bloodiest conflict a s w e l l a s t h e l a r g e s t w a r i n h i s t o r y. BOOK2 Unit10 2. World War II in Europe By order of Adolf Hitler, the German armies poured across the Polish frontier on the morning of September 1, 1939—without a declaration of war. Two days later Great Britain and France declared war again Germany. But Poland was defeated within four weeks by the Germans who had developed a new kind of warfare called blitzkrieg (“lightning warfare”), which centered around the use of tanks and planes to achieve mobility and surprise. Then in April, 1940, Hitler turned west and conquered Denmark and Norway. On May 10,1940, Hitler ordered his troops to cross the borders of Holland and Belgium and drive BOOK2 Unit10 into France. Within six weeks the campaign was over. Holland, Belgium and Luxembourg had surrendered as had France. The Germans occupied Paris and about two-thirds of the country. But in other parts of the world, Frenchmen continued their fight against the Nazis under the leadership of General de Gaulle (戴高乐将军). After the fall of France, German planes began to bomb England. Buildings and homes were destroyed. Thousands of people were killed. But the British, with Winston Churchill as their wartime leader, refused to give up. The British Air Force destroyed so BOOK2 Unit10 many enemy planes that the air raids became fewer and subsided in June, 1941, when Hitler began to invade the Soviet Union. By then, the German and Italian armies had swept over most of Europe. Mussolini had seized Albania. Hitler had invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. German and Italian troops had meanwhile occupied most of North Africa. On June 22, 1941, Hitler launched his longplanned attack on the Soviet Union. It was a surprise attack and German armies drove deep into Soviet territory. On December 5,1941, the BOOK2 Unit10 Germans arrived at the gates of Moscow, but the next day they were thrown back. It was the first German defeat in the war. Then from September 1942 to February 1943, a decisive battle was fought at Stalingrad (斯大林格勒). The German Sixth Army of 300,000 were trapped by the Soviet army and forced to surrender. The Soviet victory at Stalingrad was the turning point of the war. After this battle, the Soviet Red Army began to advance and the German forces began to retreat. The U.S.A. entered the war against the Axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) in December BOOK2 Unit10 1941, after Japanese planes bombed the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In November 1942, American troops landed in North Africa, and together with the French and British, they completed the defeat of the Axis forces in Africa. Then from North Africa, the Allies invaded Italy in August, 1943. Mussolini fled and the fascist government of Italy fell. On June 6, 1944, “D-day”, American, British and Canadian forces landed in Normandy, France, and opened the second front in Europe (the Soviet Union being the first front). In March 1945, the BOOK2 Unit10 Allied forces began pouring into Germany from both the west and the east. The Soviet army took Berlin on May 2,1945. Two days earlier, Hitler had killed himself. On May 7, Germany surrendered. BOOK2 Unit10 (Marshal Goering) BOOK2 Unit10 (Marshal Goering) BOOK2 Unit10 (Marshal Goering) BOOK2 Unit10 3. Marshal Goering was born in Bavaria. Trained for an army career, Goering received his assignment in 1912 and served with distinction during World War I. Later, Goering met Adolf Hitler and joined the small National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party in 1922. Since then, Goering worked tirelessly as Hitler’s most loyal supporter. He was Reich official for air fighters and head of the newly developed Luftwaffe (German air force). He had, at one time, been responsible for the Gestapo and the concentration camps. BOOK2 Unit10 Goering was the most popular Nazi leaders not only with the German people but also with the representatives and agents of foreign powers. But he was shamed when the Luftwaffe failed to win the battle of Britain or prevent the Allied bombing of Germany. After Hitler’s suicide, he surrendered himself to the Americans. He was sentenced to be hanged, but instead he drank some poison and died in his prison room at Nurnberg the night he was given his death sentence. BOOK2 Unit10 4. Home Guard Home Guard is usually a military organization of citizens with limited military training for emergency service, usually for local defense. During World War II the Home Guard was established in the U.K. BOOK2 Unit10 5. The Allied Nations The main countries involved in World War II were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allies (the Allied Nations)—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China. The war ended with the victory being won by the Allied Nations in 1945. BOOK2 Unit10 (Adolf Hitler) BOOK2 Unit10 (Adolf Hitler) BOOK2 Unit10 6. Adolf Hitler: Before World War II Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, at Braunau, Austria. Young Hitler received poor grades in school and left at 16 without graduating. During the First World War, he served four years in the German Army as a dispatch runner. He was twice wounded and twice decorated for bravery with the Iron cross. Like many other Germans, Hitler could not accept Germany’s military defeat in 1918. He decided to go into politics. In 1919, he joined a small political group—the German Workers’ Party, and soon became the Party’s president. He changed the BOOK2 Unit10 name of the party to the “National Socialist German Workers’ Party”. ( The term “Nazi” is an abbreviation of the first part of the German name for the party— Nationalsozialistische). In 1923 Hitler organized a putsch (暴动), or revolt, against the German government. The putsch failed. Hitler was captured and found guilty of treason (叛 国). The sympathetic court gave him the minimum sentence of five years, and he was released before serving a year. While in prison, Hitler began Mein Kampf (My Struggle), an autobiography in which he expressed his hatred for the Jews, his worship of BOOK2 Unit10 power and his plans to conquer the world. He proclaimed the Germans the “master race” and said that they would create an empire in eastern Europe, ruling over the “inferior” Slaves. The Nazis remained a small party until 1930, when the world depression struck Germany. In the 1930 elections Nazi representation in the Reichstag ( the lower house of parliament) soared from 12 to 107. BOOK2 Unit10 With the support of military officers and industrialists, the Nazis became Germany’s largest party in 1932 and on January 30, 1933, Hitler became Chancellor (Prime Minister) of a coalition government. When the Reichstag building was burned down on the night of February 27, 1933, the Nazis blamed the fire on the communists, and had them expelled from the Reichstag. The Reichstag then passed a law giving Hitler virtually absolute emergency powers. With these powers Hitler forced the non-Nazi members of the coalition out of the government, banned all political parties, suppressed the trade unions, and abolished freedom of speech BOOK2 Unit10 and freedom of the press. He also launched a violent and brutal crusade (十字军) against the Jews. On the death of President Hindenburg in 1934, Hitler combined the offices of Chancellor and President and took the title of Fuhrer (leader). As successor to Hindenburg, he also became Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. He proclaimed his regime as the “New Order” and German state as the “Third Reich”(empire). BOOK2 Unit10 7. About the Royal Air Force What’s this ? The badge of the Royal Air Force BOOK2 Unit10 Royal Air Force (RAF) is the youngest of the three British armed services, charged with the air defense of the United Kingdom and fulfillment of international defense commitments. At the beginning of World War II in September 1939, the first-line strength of the RAF in the United Kingdom was about 2,000 airplanes. The RAF fighter pilots, however, distinguished themselves during the Battle of Britain in the early stages of the war against the many more German Luftwaffe. BOOK2 Unit10 II. Practical Writing Letters of sympathy to someone who is ill or injured have the same function as getwell cards. That is, they express your care and concern for the sick or injured person and offer comfort and best wishes for a quick and full recovery. BOOK2 Unit10 Sample One A letter to a relative who was hurt in a car accident BOOK2 Unit10 Sample 1 BOOK2 Unit10 Sample Two A letter to a friend who got a low score on the TOEFL BOOK2 Unit10 Sample 2 BOOK2 Unit10 Task Write a letter to a foreign professor who is ill. BOOK2 Unit10 III. Check Yourself B 1. The battle was very ______. A. history B. historic C. historical D. historian C 2. His long speech _______ my patience. A. ended B. tired C. exhausted D. finished A 3. He is _______ by his wife and two babies. A. survived B. left C. gone D. beyond BOOK2 Unit10 B 4. The defendant in a criminal case is ______ until proved ______. A. guilty … innocent B. innocent … guilty C. wrong … innocent D. innocent … wrong C 5. You are ______ your little boy ______ possible dangers by letting him play in the street. A. imposing … to B. imposing … on C. exposing … to D. exposing … on BOOK2 Unit10 D 6. The project failed _____ bad management. A. in B. to C. with D. through B 7. The grasslands have ______ many high buildings. A. been replaced with B. given way to C. been placed by D. given place to 8. She ____ A the cake with chocolate. A. flavors B. favors C. flows D. flourishes 9. She takes a(n) ______ interest in clothes. C A. intensive B. successive C. excessive D. comprehensive BOOK2 Unit10 A 10. Poor people can’t always live in _____ conditions. A. decent B. recent C. accent D. debate BOOK2 Unit10 (The Beatles) A Song—Imagine By John Lennon from the Beatles BOOK2 Unit10 IMAGINE Imagine there’s no heaven. It’s easy if you try. Listen to the song and above us only sky No hell below us, _______________. fill in the blanks. Then Imagine all the people living forsing today along. … ah Imagine there’s no country. It isn’t hard to do. Nothing to kill or die for and no religion too. ____________________, Imagine all the people living life in peace. BOOK2 Unit10 You may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope some day you’ll join us __________________________, and the world will be as one. Imagine no possessions. I wonder if you can. (John Lennon) No need for greed or hunger _______________________. A brotherhood of man. Imagine all the people sharing all the world … BOOK2 Unit10 You may say I’m a dreamer, but I’m not the only one. I hope someday you’ll join us, and the world will live as one ________________________. The End