Download Battle of the Bulge

World War II
European &
Pacific
Theatres
european
theatre
1938-1945
Fascist rise to power
Hitler addresses the Reichstag after Anschluss
Molotov signs
Nazi-Soviet
Non-Aggression Pact
Stalin in background
Early efforts of Appeasement
•Germany invades the Sudetenland
•Munich Agreement with
Chamberlain
•America First Committee
Omaha, NE - 1938
Anti-war labor pamphlet
Nazi Troops March Into Poland
in September 1939
FDR announced
neutrality, but stated
“Even a neutral cannot
be asked to close his
mind or his conscience.”
1939 Neutrality Act
with FDR support for
“cash and carry” policy
Dunkirk Beach
Private boats that helped Allied troops evacuate Dunkirk
In June 1940
France
surrendered.
On September 3,
1940, FDR began
the U.S. policy of
Lend-Lease (Cashn-Carry) “We must
be the great
arsenal of
democracy.”
First peace-time
draft begins
V-1
Spitfire
The German “blietzkrieg”
overwhelmed enemies and gave
the Nazis control over continental
Europe by mid-1940
Spitfire and V-1
Hitler and Franco
Joseph Goebbels
Rudolph
Hess
Deputy
Erwin
Rommell
Desert Fox
Heinrich
Himmler
SS Commander
Rudolf
Hoess
Auschwitz
Commandant
German Advances:
WEST: 1938-1940, Appeasement
1940, Battle of Britain
EAST: 1938-1941, Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact
1941 Invaded the Soviet Union
NORTH: “soft” invasion and creation of puppet gov’ts
SOUTH: 1939, alliance with Franco of Spain
NORTH AFRICA: 1939, Rommel dominates to attempt
to cut off Middle East from Allies
ATLANTIC OCEAN: submarine and battleship warfare
Battle of Britain
Bomb shelters
became a way of
life in London,
Liverpool,
Manchester, and
other
manufacturing
centers in England.
Coventry
Cathedral
“We have not yet
begun to fight!”
"Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat"
"I would say to the House, as I said to those who have
joined this Government, I have nothing to offer but blood,
toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the
most grievous kind. We have before us many long months of
toil and struggle.
"You ask what is our policy. I will say, it is to wage war
with all our might, with all the strength that God can give us,
to wage war against a monstrous tyranny never surpassed in
the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime.
"You ask what is our aim? I can answer in one word:
Victory. Victory at all costs. Victory in spite of all terror.
Victory however long and hard the road may be. For
without victory there is no survival."
Four Freedoms Speech (Jan. 6, 1941)
1. Freedom of speech and expression
2. Freedom of worship
3. Freedom from want
4. Freedom from fear
Lend-Lease Act, 1941
Over $50,000,000,000 in aid for the Allies (most to Britain)
This decision
ended all
claims of
neutrality.
Germany
immediately
began
submarine
attacks on U.S.
merchant ships.
The U.S.
became the
“Arsenal of
Democracy.”
Atlantic Charter
- August 9, 1941
First
meeting of
Churchill &
FDR.
Agreement
of common
interests
between
the two
nations.
Embargos on Japan
July 1940 Embargo:
following Vichy France’s
assistance into Indochina,
the U.S. began an oil, scrap
iron, and steel embargo.
July 1941 Embargo:
FDR froze Japanese funds in
the U.S., closed the Panama
Canal to Japan, and
stopped sale of all U.S.
products to Japan.
Germany, Italy, and Japan
formed the Axis Powers in
the 1930s. Japan’s role was
“Asia for Asians.”
Japanese prepare for surprise attack at Pearl Harbor
First wave at
Hickam Field
December 7, 1941 “A day which will live in infamy.”
Corregidor,
Philippines
Congress declared
war on Japan on
December 8, 1941
Germany and Italy
declared war on
the U.S. on Dec. 11th
FDR declared that
“Dr. Win the War”
had replaced “Dr.
New Deal.”
Nearly every
resource and every
person played
some part in the
war effort.
Supreme Allied
Commander
General in
charge of
Operation Torch
Ike, Patton, Truman
442nd Troops
in Italy
Operation Torch:
1. Protect Middle
East (control
North Africa)
2. Invade Italy
Operation Overlord begins June 6, 1944
The Normandy Invasion was
the largest sea to land
invasion in the history of the
world.
June 6th: 150,000
By July 4th: 1,000,000 men
had landed.
Eisenhower speaks to troops
Goals of Operation Overlord:
1. Create a 2nd Front
(western)
2. Go to Berlin
Normandy Nazi POWs
Operation Overlord
Deception and misdirection limited casualty figures:
Normandy Invasion (June 6, 1944)
Casualties:
United States 6,603 (1,465 dead & 1,928 missing)
Britain 2,700
Canada 946
Germany ~8,000
Total Deaths during Operation Overlord:
United States
9,386
Britain
Canada
5,002
Poland
Germany 77,866
17,769
650
Battle of the Bulge
December 1944 – January 1945
Bastogne
Battle of the Bulge
The devastation of Berlin
Allied bombing of Berlin
Allies enter Germany
Nuremberg
in ruins
Mussolini, his mistress, and aides are shot and hung by their
feet for people to spit on
VE Day
May 1945
Keitel signs surrender; the war in Europe is over
The Allies discover the
horrors of the Holocaust
11,000,000 died in death camps
6,000,000 Jews
Bags of cash
Spoils of war were
hidden by the Nazis
in Salt mines and
storage facilities.
Many illegally found
their way to museums.
Allies learn of Polish massacres from
Nazi documentation
22 top Nazis were tried and convicted of war crimes
at Nuremberg
pacific
theatre
1941-1945
“Asia for Asians” was a
propaganda technique used
to inspire anti-American
feelings. It generally failed as
the Japanese brutalized their
neighboring Chinese, Filipinos,
and Koreans.
Hideki Tojo
Emperor Hirohito
Japan followed its
hereditary heir, the
emperor. However, its
industrialization was
followed by a
government dominated
by the military.
Japan vs. China
Japan invades Manchuria in 1931 for oil and minerals
Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)
Left to Right:
Chiang Jieshi
(Chang Kai-shek),
Franklin D.
Roosevelt, Winston
Churchill
December 7, 1941
Japan surprise attacks the U.S. naval base at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Military
Deaths:
2,117
Wounded:
781
Civilian
deaths: 57
In 3 hours
On December 8, 1941
Japan attacked U.S.
forces in the
Philippines
MacArthur,
Supreme Allied
Commander in
the Pacific, tells
troops
in the
Philippines,
“I shall return!”
Americans and Filipinos surrender at Corregidor
Bataan
Death
March
April
1942
85 miles in 6 days with only one meal of rice
78,000 marched to POW camps (24,000 died during march)
Total captives from 1942 to 1945:
24,000 U.S. (12,000 died)
64,000 Filipinos (~66% died)
Japan did
not attend
the 1929
Geneva
Convention
for POWs.
Chinese guard Flying Tiger guarding P-4 planes
The Battle of Midway was the first decisive American victory
in the Pacific War as it began the U.S. move toward Japan
June 1942
Japanese admiral
Yamamoto had
noted without
complete victory at
Pearl Harbor the
“giant would be
awakened.”
Island Hopping
The idea was to capture certain key islands, one after
another, until Japan came within range of American
bombers.
Guadalcanal (Dec. 1942): beginning of march to Japan
Iwo Jima (Feb. 1945):
70,000 U.S. troops (6,281 dead, 20,000 wounded)
27,000 Japanese (20,000 dead)
Okinawa (March to June 1945):
60,000 U.S.
(7,613 dead, 31,800 wounded)
142,000 Japanese casualties including
thousands of civilians
1,900 kamikazee missions
American marines raise flag at Iwo Jima
B-29 crashes onto Iwo Jima
Allied soldiers at Saipan beach head
Japanese culture did not allow for surrender.
It was the
ultimate
dishonor for a
soldier to be
taken
prisoner.
Japanese
soldiers
therefore
treated
POWs
incredibly
harsh
because of
their culture.
MacArthur returns
The Philippine Islands are liberated
Tokyo
Rose
American-born
propagandists
not only
antagonized
American troops
but often
misinformed
Japanese
citizens of their
plight in the war.
It also led to
American distrust
of JapaneseAmericans living
in the United
States.
The Death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt
As the Allies were converging
on Berlin and Tokyo, FDR died
at his retreat in Warm Springs,
GA on April 12, 1945
Harry S Truman became the
33rd president and inherited the
war. When Truman asked
Eleanor, “Is there anything I can
do for you?” she responded, “Is
there anything we can do for
you? For you are the one in
trouble now.”
Bombing over Tokyo
Truman announces
rain of ruin will fall
on Japan
Manhattan Project
In 1939, Albert Einstein wrote a letter to FDR on
behalf of his colleagues who recently had
fled Nazi Germany. Einstein warned FDR to
begin work on an atomic bomb because the
Germans were already working on one.
FDR ignored his prompting until
Pearl Harbor and then devoted
$2,000,000,000 to the research. On
July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb
was set off near Alamogordo in the
New Mexican desert. The explosion
produced a flash that lit mountains
10 miles away, vaporized the bomb
tower, and turned the desert sand
to glass for 800 yards around.
“I am become death
Destroyer of worlds”
Little Boy
Fat Man
J. Robert Oppenheimer
HIROSHIMA, Japan, August 6,
1945—The first atomic bomb ever
used in warfare was dropped today
on the Japanese city of Hiroshima.
Of the 344,000 people living there,
approximately one hundred
thousand were killed instantly.
Another hundred thousand died
later from burns and radiation
poisoning.
The ten-foot-long bomb, codenamed Little Boy, was carried by
the Enola Gay. This B-29 bomber
dropped Little Boy from an altitude
of thirty-two thousand feet. The
bomb exploded two thousand feet
above the ground, leveling more
than four square miles of the city.
Waves of flame engulfed the rest of
Hiroshima as the river flooded,
trapping wounded people too
weak to move.
President Truman justified the
massive civilian casualties by
pointing to the hundreds of
thousands of U.S. servicemen who
might have died during an invasion
of Japan.
Paul Tibbets
before and after
the
bombing of
Hiroshima,
August 6, 1945
Hiroshima in ruins
Keloids over burns
Patterns burned into skin
VJ Day
August 1945
Japan refused to surrender following the attack on
Hiroshima. Truman then ordered a second bomb to
be dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 (3 days
later). Japan surrendered on August 10th.
MacArthur presides over Japanese surrender
The “Occupation”
The U.S. occupied conquered
Japan from August 1945 to April
1952.
Allied Commander Douglas
MacArthur essentially ran Japan
from VJ Day until the Korean War
Due to the fear of communist
expansion, the U.S. treated Japan
more like an ally than a conquered
enemy almost immediately after
the war. Numerous war crimes
were never prosecuted. Somehow
Emperor Hirohito was absolved of
all involvement in the war and was
completely exonerated.
The U.S. outlawed
criticism of its
occupation with Japan
and even forbade the
issue of censorship from
discussion
A) Did the United
States need to
drop an atomic
bomb on
Hiroshima,
Japan?
•Island
hopping vs.
atomic bomb
drop
•Retaliation for
Pearl Harbor
•Anti-Asia
history
B) Did the United States need to drop a second
atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan?
•Teheran Conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943)
•Beginning of Cold War led to “sharing”
Germany, Vietnam and Korea
Queen Mary brings troops home
“The real war involves
getting down there and
killing people. And
being killed yourself or
just barely escaping it.
And it gives you
attitudes about life and
death that are
unobtainable
anywhere else. The rest
of it is just the show-biz
war.”
--Paul Fussell