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SOCIAL STUDIES 30 NAZI GERMANY BACKGROUND GERMANY UNHAPPY WITH TREATY OF VERSAILLES ECONOMY WEAK INFLATION ANGER AT WEIMAR GOVT FOR SIGNING TREATY DEFEAT IN WW I BLAMED ON COMMUNISTS AND JEWS TREATY OF VERSAILLES HARSH – – – – REPARATIONS LOST ALSACE – LORRAINE LOST OVERSEAS COLONIES WAR GUILT CLAUSE RISE OF HITLER HITLER FORMS NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS PARTY 1923 – MUNICH BEER HALL PUTSCH SENT TO PRISON – 8 MONTHS WROTE ‘MEIN KAMPF’ (MY STRUGGLE) USE OF DEMOCRACY HITLER USED DEMOCRATIC PROCESS 1928 – 7 SEATS IN REICHSTAG 1932 – 230 SEATS Jan 1933 –President Hindenburg appoints Hitler as Chancellor Feb 1933 – Reichstag fire just before election Mar 1933 – Hitler swept to power – 45% of vote Coerced remaining minority parties to give him 2/3 majority for Enabling Act- right to rule by decree & suspended civil liberties – b/c threat of Communist revolution 1934 – ABSOLUTE DICTATOR USE OF THE LAW / DEMOCRACY ENABLING ACT RESTRICTIONS ON – – – – – PERSONAL LIBERTY RIGHT OF FREE EXPRESSION OF OPINION FREEDOM OF THE PRESS RIGHT OF ASSEMBLY RIGHT OF ASSOCIATION VIOLATIONS ON PRIVACY OF – – – – – POSTAL TELEGRAPHIC TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATIONS WARRANTS FOR HOUSE SEARCHES ORDER FOR CONFISCATIONS ENABLING ACT CONT… NAZI PARTY IS ONLY POLITICAL PARTY IN GERMANY IF FORM ANOTHER POLITICAL PARTYPUNISHED WITH PENAL SERVITUDE UPTO 3 YEARS FUHRER DETERMINES STATUTES POLICE SUPERVISION OF ‘NO’ VOTES ON PLEBISCITES USE OF THE LAW NUREMBURG LAWS – ISOLATE JEWISH PEOPLE FROM CONTACT WITH OTHERS – CONCENTRATED IN GHETTOS – DENIED CIVIL / SOCIAL RIGHTS – NO HOLD PUBLIC JOBS – PROPERTY PILLAGED COURT JUSTICE IN THE THIRD REICH JUDGE NO RIGHT TO SCRUTINIZE DECISIONS MADE BY FUHRER AND ISSUED IN THE FORM OF LAW OR A DECREE JUDGE ALSO BOUND BY ANY OTHER DECISION OF FUHRER JEWISH BUREAU 1936 ESTABLISHED JEWISH BUREAU CONTROLLED BY ADOLPH EICHMANN HE SUPERVISE STATES ‘PROCESSING’ OF JEWISH POPULATION TRIED TO REMOVE JEWS VIA EMIGRATION – NO ONE TAKE THEM (IN MIDST OF DEPRESSION) USE OF PERSONALITY / CHARISMA GREAT ORATOR COULD READ AN AUDIENCE WOULD WAIT A FEW MINUTES BEFORE SPEAKING AT RALLY CHOSEN TIME MAGAZINE’S ‘MAN OF THE YEAR’ – 1938 PROPAGANDA ARYAN RACE – RACIAL SUPERIORITY / PURITY SCAPEGOATS – JEWS / COMMUNISTS ANTI - SEMITISM SCAPEGOATS JEWS GYPSIES HOMOSEXUALS COMMUNISTS SOCIALISTS WEIMAR GOVERNMENT TREATY OF VERSAILLES JOSEPH GOEBBELS MINISTER OF PROPAGANDA & PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT HE CONTROLLED – – – – – – – – – – – – ART MOTION PICTURES SPORTS CELEBRATION OF NATIONAL HOLIDAYS RADIO NEWSPAPERS MUSIC MUSEUMS TOURISM POST OFFICE LIBRARIES NATIONAL ANTHEM 1936 OLYMPICS - BERLIN HITLER & MASTER RACE – BLACKS AN ‘INFERIOR RACE’ JESSIE OWENS STORY REICHSTAG FIRE-1933 Scapegoat / direction of popular discontent Hitler declared fire set by Communists & had party leaders arrested. Hitler declared state of emergency & abolished most of human rights. Under torture, alleged communist confessed, & brought to trial, along with leaders of opposition Communist Party. With leaders in jail & denied access to press, Communists badly defeated in next election & those Communist deputies that were elected to Reichstag not permitted by SA to take seats. NIGHT OF THE BROKEN GLASS 1938 – KRISTALLNACHT SCAPEGOAT / DIRECTION OF POPULAR DISCONTENT A GERMAN DIPLOMAT WAS ASSASSINATED IN PARIS BY A JEWISH YOUTH 200 SYNAGOGUES 26 000 MALE JEWS ARRESTED & SENT TO CAMPS 70 MURDERED NUMEROUS RAPES JEWS FINED 25 MILLION DEUTSCH MARKS DENIED USE OF PUBLIC FACILITIESTRANSPORTATION / HOSPITALS / RETIREMENT MASS RALLIES PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF EVOKING PUBLIC’S EMOTIONS THROUGH MASS DEMOSTRATIONS ULTRA NATIONALISM – WHIP UP INTO A FRENZY 1934 NUREMBURG RALLY USE OF EDUCATION, INDOCTRINATION & YOUTH GROUPS SCHOOLS WERE AGENTS IN CREATING PROPER CITIZENS STUDENTS TO READ ‘MEIN KAMPF’ HISTORY TEXTS ALTERED – EDUCATION & INDOCTRINATION TARGETED YOUTH – FUTURE WARRIORS DURING WORLD WAR II LIMITED EDUCATION TO NON-NORDIC RACE ANTI-SEMITISM HITLER & CHRISTIANITY Hitler tried to nationalize churches with restrictions allowing only German membership. A common Nazi song replaced words to Silent Night with following lyrics: Silent night! Holy night! All is calm, and all is bright Only the Chancellor steadfast in fight Watches o’er Germany by day and by night Always caring for us. Silent night! Holy night! All is calm, and all is bright Adolf Hitler is Germany’s wealth Brings us greatness, favor and health Oh give us Germans all power! Hitler to restrict Christianity & remove it as political influence. Hitler adapted elements of Christian theology into speeches. HITLER YOUTH Established in 1926. NAZI Party set up training system for young Germans to gain military training & develop understanding of & obedience to Nazi ideology. In 1933 authorities banned all other youth groups & merged membership into Hitler Youth. Membership became compulsory for youths over 17 in 1939 & for all over age of ten in 1941 HITLER YOUTH CONT… trained future “Aryan supermen" & future soldiers who serve Third Reich faithfully. Physical & military training took precedence over academic & scientific education. learn to use weapons, build up physical strength, learned war strategies, & became indoctrinated with anti-semitism. uniforms - light brown shirts & brown shorts, similar to children in military camp. HITLER YOUTH CONT… fought with great courage. One group managed to hold off Soviet tank division for three days. Many soldiers said no one scared them more than Hitler Youth. After war, new authorities dissolved & banned Hitler Youth movement. VIOLENCE, OPPRESSION, & FEAR SA (BROWNSHIRTS) ERNST ROHM NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES SS GESTAPO (SECRET POLICE) NIGHT OF THE LONG KNIVES HITLER VS. ERNST ROHM & SA (BROWNSHIRTS) HITLER MET WITH ALL SA LEADERS ALL LEADERS GUNNED DOWN IN BEDROOMS BY SS TROOPS 83 OPPONENTS OF THE STATE MURDERED SS NOW HITLER’S PERSONAL BODYGUARD GESTAPO (SECRET POLICE) S.S. & HEINRICH HIMMLER HEAD OF SS HITLER & HIMMLER TALK OF NEED TO ELIMINATE JEWS, SLAVS, GYPSIES, & HOMOSEXUALS ‘EINSATZGRUPPEN’ – DEATH SQUADS ‘FINAL SOLUTION’ CREATE A ‘NEW ORDER’ DACHAU CONCENTRATION CAMP SET UP IN 1933 LOCATED JUST OUTSIDE OF MUNICH MOVIE / FILM – LENI RIEFENSTAHL Riefenstahl began directing films. Her artistic work earned her acclaim, and film awards across Europe. "Triumph of the Will" documentary about Adolf Hitler, would come back to haunt her after atrocities of WWII. Despite her protests to contrary, Riefenstahl considered an intricate part of Third Reich's propaganda machine. Castigated, she has not made movie in past 50 years."