Download Hot Time In The Town Of Berlin

H.
Grand Alliance – U.S. (FDR), U.K.
(Winston Churchill), & U.S.S.R.
(Joseph Stalin).
1. Unconditional Surrender –
Allies fight until Axis
surrender w/o conditions.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt
announced the Allies were
fighting for the "unconditional
surrender" of Germany, Italy
and Japan - a stand immediately
endorsed by British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill. (L-R)
French Gen. Henri Giraud,
Roosevelt, Charles DeGaulle,
Churchill. January 24, 1943.
Total War
• Concept of “total
war”
• Mobilizing the
economy
• Rationing
• Women in the
work force
• Propaganda
• Military tactics
Two women stand amidst the ruins of an
almshouse in Berkshire, England.
Rationing and
Victory Gardens
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Gasoline, coffee, sugar, meat, other goods are
rationed.
“Victory Gardens” and other measures.
Mobilizing the Economy
A worker inspects 1000-pound bomb cases
Women in the Work Force
“Rosie the Riveter”
government poster
A female combat
photographer.
A WASP (Women's Airforce
Service Pilot) pilot during the war.
Army Air Field, Texas.
Allies vs. Axis
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Allies in green; Axis in orange; neutral in gray
 At the beginning of 1943, the Allies agreed to seek from the Axis Powers
nothing short of “unconditional surrender.”
Italy Surrenders
1943
Allies enter Rome
The bodies of Italian dictator
Benito Mussolini, center,
his mistress, Clara Petacci, right,
and Achille Starace, former
secretary of the Fascist Party,
hang by their heels in Milan, Italy,
April 29, 1945, after they were
executed by Italian partisans.
AP Photo/U.S. Army Air Force
The D-Day Invasion
June 6, 1944
Eisenhower speaks with U.S. paratroops
of the 502d Parachute Infantry Regiment,
101st Airborne Division on the evening of
June 5, 1944.
“Operation Overlord”
Large landing craft convoy crosses
the English Channel on June 6, 1944.
I. D-Day (June 6, 1944) - Allies invade at
Normandy to liberate France.
1. Largest naval invasion in history.
Allied ships during
D-Day invasion, 1944.
The Battle of Normandy (D-Day) was fought in 1944
between Nazi Germany in Western Europe and the
invading Allied forces as part of the larger conflict of
World War II. Over sixty years later, the Normandy
invasion, codenamed Operation Overlord, still remains
the largest seaborne invasion in history, involving almost
three million troops crossing the English Channel from
England to Normandy in
then German-occupied
France. It is most
commonly known by
the name D-Day.
U.S. troops wade ashore at Normandy
D-Day
Invasion
The invasion was supposed
to happen on June 5th, but
was postponed due to bad
weather and rough seas.
82nd Airborne dropped inland
of Normandy beach (some off DZ).
Utah Beach, Normandy.
Allied forces under U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower.
“Operation Overlord” 150,000 Allies, biggest military offensive in history.
Allies fought their way past underwater mines, barbed wire, and machine-gun fire.
Heavy resistance even though Germans thought it was a diversion for a larger
invasion elsewhere.
 Germ slow response allowed Allies to set up a beachhead.
 Within three months, Allies had 2 million men and half mill vehicles.
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The primary Allied formations that saw combat in
Normandy came from the U.S., U.K., and Canada.
Substantial Free French and Polish forces also
participated in the battle after the assault phase, and there
were also contingents from Belgium, Czechoslovakia,
Greece, the Netherlands, and Norway.
2.
Liberation of Paris – Aug 1944.
3. Battle of the Bulge (1944) – Last
effort by Germans to win.
An American soldier guards German
troops captured during the Battle of
the Bulge
U.S. troops advance through the
snow toward the town of St. Vith,
Belgium
German Tiger at Battle of the Bulge.
J.
Tuskegee Airmen – The AfricanAmerican pilots of WWII.
Tuskegee Airmen in front of a P-40.
P-51’s of the 332d Fighter Group;
the "redtails" of the Tuskegee Airmen.
The nearest aircraft depicted is that of
Lt. Lee Archer, an Ace.
Pilots of the "Tuskegee Airmen,"
the elite, all-African American 332nd
Fighter Group at Ramitelli, Italy.
B-17’s on their way
to German factories.
 U.S. Air Commander Harris – strategic bombing of cities to crush
will to fight.
 Feb, 1942, 4-engine bombers available for action.
 1943, B-17 Flying Fortress; allowed US to bomb Berlin/Germany,
better technology with radar; used chaff to block ground radar.
 1944, the B-29 Superfortress developed (able to bomb Japan) had
10 machine guns, pressurized to fly at 30K feet, 20K lbs of bombs
(incindiaries), fly 1,900 miles.
The Firebombing of Dresden
Dresden at the
time, “was a mass
of munitions
works, an intact
Gov’t center, and
a key
transportation
center. It is now
none of those
things.”
316 bombers of the US Eighth
Air Force attacked Dresden’s
marshaling yards outside the
city center. Taking part were
B-17 Flying Fortresses.
Dresden, Germany
after bombings.
German V2
rocket being
prepared for
launch in the
early 1940's.
The “V”
was for
Vengeance.
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The Nazis last desperate bid to turn the course of WWII
was by unleashing an arsenal of sinister weapons
(Wernher von Braun) against the Allies.
They were known as the V-1 (prototype cruise missile)
and the V-2, the first ballistic missile. Both weapons
caused immense civilian casualties in London and
Antwerp (By March of 1945, 1,054 hit England).
After WWII, Braun & his team came to White Sands, NM.
By Jan 1945, Hitler moved into a bunker 55 ft below Berlin to direct the war.
March 1945, Allied moved into Germany.
In April 1945, Allies linked with Soviets in northern Germany.
Soviet forces began pushing west: Ukraine (end of 1943), Balkan states
beginning of 1944), Warsaw (Jan 1945), Berlin (Apr 45); southern front swept
through Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.
 In 1945, Hitler Youth members (13-14 years old) were on the front lines.
 Blamed the world’s Jews for the war.
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K.
Hitler commits suicide – Apr 30, 1945.
1. V-E Day (Victory in Europe) – war
in Europe ended on May 7, 1945.
Cover of US newspaper,
May 2, 1945.
Germany Surrenders
“Hot Time In The Town Of Berlin”
by Frank Sinatra
There'll be a hot time
In the town of Berlin
When the Yanks go marchin' in
I wanna be there boy,
And spread some joy
When they take old Berlin
There'll be a hot time
In the town of Berlin
When the Brooklyn boys begin
To take the joint apart
And tear it down
When they take old Berlin
They're gonna start a row
And show them how
We paint the town back, in
Kokomo
They're gonna take a hike
Through Hitler's Reich
And change his 'Heil' to 'What
ya know, Joe'
There'll be a hot time
In the town of Berlin
When the Yanks go marchin' in
You could never keep 'em happy
down on the farm
After they take Berlin
<instrumental interlude>
I'm gonna grab a Frau
And show her how
We paint the town back, in
Michigan
I'm gonna take a hike
Through Hitler's Reich
And change that 'Heil' to 'Gimme
some skin'
There'll be a hot time
In the town of Berlin
When the Yanks go marchin' in
You know that you could never
keep 'em happy down on the farm
After they take Berlin
V-E Day
May 7, 1945
The Pacific War, 1944–1945
U.S. soldiers raise the American flag after capturing Iwo Jima.
L. Navajo Code Talkers – Native
Americans language as code.
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Cpl. Henry Bake, Jr., and Pfc. George
The Navajo Code Talkers (400) have
Kirk, Navajos serving in December
been credited with saving countless lives
1943 with a Marine Corps signal unit,
and hastening the end of the war.
operate a portable radio set in a
The Code Talker's primary job was to
clearing behind the front lines.
talk and transmit information on tactics,
troop movements, orders and other vital
battlefield information via telegraphs
and radios in their native dialect. A
major advantage of the code talker
system was its speed. The method of
using Morse code often took hours
where the Navajos handled a message
in minutes.
The Navajo's unwritten language was
understood by fewer than 30 nonNavajo's at the time of WWII. The size
and complexity of the language made
the code extremely difficult to
Pfc. Preston Toledo and Pfc. Frank
comprehend, much less decipher. It
Toledo, Navajo cousins in a Marine
was not until 1968 that the code
artillery regiment in the South Pacific,
became declassified by the US
relay orders over a field radio in their
Government.
native tongue.
The Navajo Code
NAMES OF PLANES
DIVE BOMBER
TORPEDO PLANE
FIGHTER PLANE
BOMBER PLANE
NAVAJO WORD
GINI CHICKEN
TAS-CHIZZIE
DA-HE-TIH-HI
JAY-SHO
CODE
HAWK
SWALLOW
HUMMING BIRD
BUZZARD
NAMES OF SHIPS
BATTLESHIP
AIRCRAFT CARRIER
SUBMARINE
DESTROYER
LO-TSO
TSIDI-MOFFA-YE-HI
BESH-LO
CA-LO
WHALE
BIRD CARRIER
IRON FISH
SHARK
► Outlawed by Geneva Convention, Japanese used mustard gas in China & New Guinea.
► Australia stockpiled tons of mustard gas for defensive purposes (uncovered in 2007).
M. Japan conquest of SE Asia.
1.
Forced laborers – 800K Koreans
sent to Japan.
2.
Burma-Thailand Railway (1943) –
12K Allied & 90K natives died.
3. French Indochina – Ho Chi Minh’s
Communist Party provided
info & rescued U.S. pilots.
POW workers on the
Burma-Thailand
Railway (1943).
The Bataan Death March was a war
crime involving the forcible transfer of
72K POW’s, with wide-ranging abuse
and high fatalities, by Japanese forces
in the Philippines in 1942.
Approximately 5-10K Filipino and 600-650
American prisoners of war died before
they could reach Camp O'Donnell.
The march occurred after the three-month
Battle of Bataan, part of the Battle of
the Philippines (1941-42).
The Death
March (1942).
Generals Wainwright
(left) and MacArthur.
N.
Japanese Internment –
Manzanar camp in CA.
Executive Order 9066: Resulting in the Relocation of Japanese (1942)
Executive Order No. 9066
The President
Authorizing the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas
Whereas the successful prosecution of the war requires every possible
protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense
material, national-defense premises, and national-defense utilities as
defined in Section 4, Act of April 20, 1918, 40 Stat. 533, as amended by the Act of
November 30, 1940, 54 Stat. 1220, and the Act of August 21, 1941, 55 Stat. 655
(U.S.C., Title 50, Sec. 104);
Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me as President of the United
States, and Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, I hereby authorize and
direct the Secretary of War, and the Military Commanders whom he may from time
to time designate, whenever he or any designated Commander deems such action
necessary or desirable, to prescribe military areas in such places and of such
extent as he or the appropriate Military Commander may determine, from which
any or all persons may be excluded, and with respect to which, the right of any
person to enter, remain in, or leave shall be subject to whatever restrictions the
Secretary of War or the appropriate Military Commander may impose in his
discretion. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of
any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and
other accommodations as may be necessary, in the judgment of the Secretary of
War or the said Military Commander, and until other arrangements are made, to
accomplish the purpose of this order. The designation of military areas in any
region or locality shall supersede designations of prohibited and restricted areas by
the Attorney General under the Proclamations of December 7 and 8, 1941, and
shall supersede the responsibility and authority of the Attorney General under the
said Proclamations in respect of such prohibited and restricted areas.
Manzanar Camp,
central California.
Japanese-Americans leaving
from Los Angeles to Manzanar.
The Doolittle Raid;
April 18, 1942.
A B-25 taking off from Hornet for the raid.
Doolittle Raid – Boost US morale; bombed
Japan; small damage but huge boost in morale;
crash landed in China; nearly 250K Chinese
killed for revenge.
Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle
(center) with members of his
flight crew and Chinese officials
in China after the attack.
LtCol James H. Doolittle, USAAF (front),
leader of the raiding force, wires a
Japanese medal to a 500-pound bomb,
during ceremonies on the flight deck of
USS Hornet, shortly before his force of
sixteen B-25B bombers took off for Japan.
O.
Pacific Theater.
1. Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942)
– turning point of war in Asia.
a) U.S. planes destroyed 4
Japanese aircraft carriers.
Japanese aircraft
carrier Hiryu
burning, morning
of 5 June 1942.
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US cracked Japanese codes; knew they’re coming; runways intact and carriers safe.
Four Japanese carriers sunk; Navy never recovered.
US established superiority in the Pacific.
Now – war of attrition; war became bitter.
The Battle of Midway
The USS
Yorktown receives
a direct hit during
the battle of
Midway
2. Guadalcanal (Aug 1942-Feb 1943)
– first Japanese land taken.
3. Iwo Jima (Feb-Mar 1945) – flag; airstrip.
 Invasion on Feb 19, 1945, faced
22,000 Japanese on volcanic island.
 Jap used natural tunnels for static
defense (in contrast to bonsai/
rushing attacks used before.
 Code name for Mt. Sirabachi was
“Mt Hot Rocks.”
 Took 4-days to raise U.S. flag
(photo), approx 40-days to take
island.
It has been said that if was not for
the Navajo Code Talker's, the Marines
would have never taken Iwo Jima.
Kamikaze - Means "divine wind“ in Japanese,
and refers to the suicide attacks by Japanese
military aviators, against Allied shipping in the
closing stages of the Pacific campaign of WWII.
USS Bunker Hill was hit by Ogawa
and another kamikaze near May 11,
1945. 372 personnel were killed.
A Mitsubishi Zero fly’s toward the
USS White Plains on October 25, 1944.
The aircraft exploded shortly after this
picture was taken, scattering debris
across the deck.
A kamikaze (just left of center near the
top border), a Mitsubishi Zero in this
case, about to hit the USS Missouri.
Kamikaze heading
toward US carrier.
The USS
Hornet
shooting
at a
Kamikaze
near Japan.
Birth of the Atomic Bomb
“The Manhattan Project”
Preparing the “Little Boy” atomic bomb to be
dropped on Hiroshima, Japan.
P. President Harry S. Truman (after FDR
died) – Drop atomic bombs on Japan.
1. Hiroshima (1st bomb - Aug 6,
1945), by The Enola Gay.
2. Nagasaki (2nd bomb on Aug 9).
 Japan made extensive preparations to defend the homeland; many U.S. losses if
Allies invaded.
 Albert Einstein was a German Jew and helped start the Manhattan Project.
 US only had two bombs; not sure how effective they would be.
Hiroshima
The blast destroyed
90% of the city.
When the bomb
exploded, the
temperature at
ground zero rose to
7,000 degrees
Fahrenheit. The
blast killed 70,000
people instantly; an
additional 70,000
were dead by the
new year from burns,
radiation, or other
injuries. Nearly all
the victims were
civilians.
The upper-body of a boy
exposed to the explosion.
Nagasaki before
and after bombing.
3. Japan surrenders – V-J Day
(Sep 2, 1945) Aboard the USS
Missouri, ending WWII.
Gen. Douglas MacArthur signs as Supreme Allied Commander during formal
surrender ceremonies on the USS MISSOURI in Tokyo Bay. September 2, 1945.
Should We have Dropped the
Atomic Bombs on Japan?
PRO
Saved U.S. Lives.
Better than Invasion.
Refused to Surrender.
Shortened the War.
Part of “Total War.”
Made the U.S. a
Superpower!
CON
Immoral.
Militarily
Unnecessary.
Killed over
210,000 Civilians.
Started the Atomic
Weapons Race.
United States War Involvement
Characteristics
World War I
World War II
Military Personnel
Army
Air Force
Navy
Marines
Coast Guard
Killed
Wounded
4,744,000
4,057,000
(Part of Army)
599,000
79,000
9,000
116,516
204,002
16,354,000
11,260,000
(Part of Army)
4,183,000
669,000
241,000
405,399
670,846
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Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.
Battle Deaths in World War II
Country
USSR
Germany
Yugoslavia
Poland
Romania
United States
United Kingdom
France
Hungary
Finland
Italy
Greece
Canada
Battle Deaths
7,500,000
3,500,000
410,000
320,000
300,000
292,000
245,000
210,000
140,000
82,000
77,000
74,000
37,000
Germany lost the most soldiers in World War I, and the Soviet Union lost the most
in World War II. The percentage of Soviet losses in World War II is more than
twice the percentage of German losses in World War I.
Germany lost a total of less than 2 million in WWI, while the Soviet Union
lost a total of 7.5 million in World War II.
Q.
The Nuremberg
Military Tribunal.
War crimes trials
Were also held
In Italy and
Japan.
The Nuremberg Trials – Convicted
for crimes against humanity
after WWII.
WWII Words and Phrases
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Blockbuster – Refers to a bomb that could level an entire
block. When the boys came home, the phrase caught on
to represent anything that made a real impact.
“Gung Ho” – The origin goes back to the Chinese who
worked on the Great Wall. Their foreman would yell
“Gung Ho” and they’d all get busy in unison. The phrase
caught on with the Marines in WWII when General Carlson
began using it for enthusiastically working (together or
single).
“Panic Button” – B-17 and B-24 bomber planes had a
button that when the pilot hit it, the alarm would be heard
throughout the plane. It would warn the crew to jump out
immediately. In civilian life, it is meant as a warning
(written or verbal) for fast action.
R.
The Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) –
“Big 3” decided on post-war
Europe.
1. Divide Germany; control Poland;
create United Nations.
"For the Russian people, the
question of Poland is not only
a question of honor but also a
question of security.
Throughout history, Poland
has been the corridor through
which the enemy has passed
into Russia. Poland is a
question of life and death for
Russia.“
-- Josef Stalin
Feb, 1945
The “Big Three” at Yalta: Winston
Churchill, FDR, and Josef Stalin.
S.
Potsdam Conference (July 1945) –
President Truman demanded free
elections in Eastern Europe.
“A freely elected gov’t
in any of these East
European countries
would be anti-Soviet,
and that we cannot
allow.”
-- Josef Stalin
July, 1945
Attlee, Truman, and Stalin at Potsdam Conference, July 1945.
Soviet controlled areas in Red and Pink.
Israel declared its independence in 1948.
With a
diverse population currently exceeding seven million
citizens of primarily Jewish background and religion, it
is the world's only Jewish state. Jerusalem is the
capital city and seat of government. Israel is the only
country in the Middle East considered to be a liberal
democracy, having a broad array of political rights
and civil liberties present.
Israel
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1947
1948, Arab League
members Egypt,
Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon
and Iraq declared war and
announced their rejection of
the UN partition decision.
Yom Kippur War (aka
1973 Arab-Israeli War) a
coalition of Arab states led
by Egypt and Syria launched
a surprise attack on Israel
on Yom Kippur, the holiest
day in Judaism. The conflict
led to a near-confrontation
between the two nuclear
superpowers, the US and
the Soviet Union.
OPEC members declared an
oil embargo against the US,
causing the 1973 energy
crisis.