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The Road to War 1931 - 1941 Chapter 34 04/2009 The Road to War Many Americans assume that World War II started at Pearl Harbor The seeds of WWII were sowed long before then, in countries that wanted to build their empires and countries that suffered humiliation from WWI The direct causes began in the early 1930’s The Road to War World War II officially started on September 1, 1939 Government controls all aspects of the nation, including religion, the economy, the arts, and education Leaders depended on terror to suppress all opposition Regimes could be fascist, communist, or a monarchy - led by an absolute ruler The Soviet Union Under Stalin Communism Stalin took power in 1924 after Lenin’s death ______________1st five-year plan Modernized agriculture and built new industries The Soviet Union Under Stalin Built modern industries where coal, iron, steel and oil were produced Industry modernized by The Soviet Union Under Stalin – Ukraine – Breadbasket of the USSR Farmers not allowed to farm on their own land – produce confiscated State-run commercial farms Resistance led to harsh reprisals Leaders killed or sent to labor camps – Starved between _______Ukrainian farmers The Soviet Union Under Stalin “Purges” in the 1930’s rid the country of all of Stalin’s political & economic rivals Executed _________members of the Communist Party on trumped up charges The Soviet Union Under Stalin Killed millions of people in forced labor camps while building up industry and transportation – Many people simply disappeared – Historians estimate Stalin killed about ____ million of his own citizens Italy under Mussolini Fascism Italians were angered that they didn’t get more territory after WWI Mussolini flamed their anger and gained support from veterans, socialists, anarchists ‘_____________’ enforced his authority King panicked and appointed “Il Duce” as prime minister Italy Under Mussolini Mussolini suspended all elections, outlawed all other political parties, and created a dictatorship In 1935 Italy invaded ________ and within 6 months overwhelmed the local forces * American volunteers aided the Ethiopians with men and supplies - too little, too late Germany Under Hitler Hitler joined the Nazi Party in 1919 Nazism becomes a form of fascism based on national pride and racial superiority Hitler spoke out against the Treaty of Versailles and the democratic government Wrote _________while in prison in 1923; outlined plans for militarism and racial cleansing Germany Under Hitler Depression in 1930’s hit Germany particularly hard Hitler promised to lead people to economy prosperity and to restore the nation’s territories and pride Germany Under Hitler 1930 - The Nazi Party took control of the ____________ 1932 - Hitler ran for president but lost to Paul _________________ 1933 - Hindenburg named Hitler chancellor, or head of the government 1934 - Hindenburg died, leaving Hitler as the nations leader Germany Under Hitler _________ silenced all opposition 1934 – staged a fire in the Reichstag Convinced Reichstag to grant him dictatorial powers to prevent “anarchists” from overthrowing the government Suspended freedom of speech / press and all elections Germany Under Hitler Hitler ended Germany’s depression with massive government spending Built the __________ and other public works Germany Under Hitler Increased the military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles (______) German troops re-entered the __________, the area they were forbidden to occupy in the Treaty of Versailles (________) Germany Under Hitler Germany and Austria united (_______) Germany conquered the Sudetenland (______) – (Munich Conference) Germany expanded East Prussia by occupying Memel (______) Germany occupied the remainder of Czechoslovakia (_______) The Road to War Italy and Germany signed an alliance agreement (________), became the Axis Powers Great Britain and France practiced _______________ - giving in to avoid a larger conflict United States wanted to remain isolated from European affairs The remainder of the world watched and waited Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 Republicans – (loyalists) elected government – Vs Nationalists - military dictatorship (Franco) Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939 Nationalist Republicans Germany and Italy Soviet Union aided gave military with arms and support to Franco supplies Used the war to Volunteers from 50 practice war other countries also maneuvers, such assisted as aerial bombing of cities Spanish Civil War Guerinica is Picasso’s interpretation of the civilian slaughter that occurred with the bombing of this town in 1937 Spanish Civil War The Nationalists, with help from the Germans, took control of the country by March, 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union had their first practice run at each other. Spain was neutral during WWII Franco remained in power until 1975 The Road to War 1939 Germany and Italy continued to build their militaries The remainder of Europe and the USA watched and waited War in Europe Italy occupied Albania (April 1939) France & Great Britain prepared for war and pledged to defend Poland (1939) Germany removed their largest obstacle by signing a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union (August, 1939) World War II officially began Within a month, Germany conquered W. Poland France & Great Britain unable to help Soviet Union (1939) Conquered E. Poland, Finland & The Baltic States Molotov Cocktail **Resistance fighters in Finland would continue to fight, and would eventually win back most of their country War in Europe __________lasted from October 1939 to April 1940 France reinforced the ___________ War in Europe Continues * April 9, 1940 Germany conquers Denmark (1 day); Norway (2 weeks); Belgium and The Netherlands (12 days). War in Europe The Maginot Line protected France from a ground invasion from Germany Germans used airplanes to cross the line and bombed reinforcements German Panzer divisions invaded from the north, through Belgium, around the Maginot Line The French and English armies retreated to the northwest coast Evacuation at Dunkirk • The French and British were trapped between the English Channel and the German Army • The British navy rushed to evacuate the troops • In 9 days, over 900 ships evacuated over 340,000 troops • while being strafed by the Luftwaffe Occupation of France 1940-1944 – Collaborators Germany – Resistance Fighters used occupied 3/5’s of guerrilla warfare France and sabotage to disrupt the The ‘_______’ Germans gov’t, under Petain, ruled the Rescued and remainder returned fighter pilots The Blitz By September the Germans were deliberately using incendiary bombs on civilian populations This would continue off and on for eight months Both sides would target civilian populations throughout the war The Blitz Hundreds of RAF pilots died defending GB American and Canadian volunteers assisted before the USA declared war British people stayed resolved to fight back British gained an advantage by cracking Germany’s codes The invasion of GB never occurred American Involvement Eventually the USA begins to provide supplies and equipment to the Allied Powers. “_______________” The USA does not have direct troop involvement until after Pearl Harbor. The Holocaust Prior to 1938, Germany encouraged Jews to emigrate; many did to other European countries Germany began the systematic imprisonment of Jews by 1938 Kristallnaght was the beginning of an all-out campaign against Jews As they conquered additional territory, more Jews came under their control The Final Solution was agreed on in 1941 Japan Constitutional Monarchy - elected government but emperor remained powerful Built up military and industry and became most powerful nation in the Pacific Took control of Korea and ‘policed’ Manchuria By staging revolts and anarchy, the military was able to take control of the government Japan Japan could not support its population or industry In September, 1931 they seized control of Manchuria By moving thousands of soldiers and farmers into the area, they were able to use it as a base for further expansion United States and the League of Nations protested but did nothing to stop it War with China July, 1937 Japan began an all-out assault on China They quickly conquered the northern and eastern cities but failed to conquer the interior Japanese were particularly brutal to civilians and prisoners of war “Rape of Nanjing” killed men, women, and children Rape of Nanking killed 400,000 civilians and raped 80,000 women and children War with China United States responded with a series of neutrality acts Great Britain and the Soviet Union sent men and supplies General Jiang Jieshi and Mao Zedong worked together to thwart the Japanese, using sabotage and guerrilla warfare By 1939 they reached a stalemate Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere 1940 Japan signed the _______ with Germany and Italy – – – – Each country would come to the others’ defense They would not support each other’s enemies Recognized that Italy & Germany controlled Europe Recognized that Japan controlled East Asia Japan signed a _______________with the Soviet Union Invaded French Indochina and other European colonies USA 1919 - 1941 Neutrality 1935 - Banned the USA from selling arms to countries at war 1936 - Banned loans to these countries 1937 - Only allowed to sell non-military goods on cash & carry basis Prelude to War - Europe (September) 1940 Executive order – 99 old destroyers for bases (8) in U.K. territories (March) 1941 - Lend-Lease Act allowed USA to lend, lease, or otherwise provide all available support to the Allied forces (July) 1941 – US destroyers started escorting supplies overseas; conflicts w/ uboats Prelude to War - Japan (1940) USA cut off sales of scrap iron & steel to Japan when they expanded in the Pacific (1941) Further expansion precipitated a freeze on all Japanese assets in the USA (1941) USA cut off all oil sales to Japan – USA and Japan continued negotiations to find a peaceful solution – General Tojo Hideki became PM of Japan Pearl Harbor Attack was not supposed to begin until after the Japanese Embassy delivered an ultimatum to President Roosevelt Pearl Harbor The Japanese strategy was to make us give in to their demands in order to avoid war Admiral Yamomoto, who planned the attack, opposed it “I fear all we have done is to awaken a sleeping giant” Japanese Strategy Failures To be continued…..
