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The Great Depression U.S. Stock Speculation *Speculators inflate stock value. The result was *unrealistic price levels which would cause the stock market to crash and begin the Great Depression Global Economic Depression stock market crash led to….Tariffs…Trade dropped 65%.....Every country suffered; some more than others The Great Depression*Global Depression (World-wide) *High unemployment *High inflation (overprinting of marks) *Deficit Spending (Governments borrowing money) Germany ends up with dictatorship US-Democracy Most of the democracies that were formed after WWI did NOT meet the needs of their citizens Soup line in Chicago FDR’s New Deal FDR elected in 1932; *enacted the New Deal to try and help the U.S. out of the Great Depression. Large public works projects created new jobs Government gave financial aid to businesses and farms Lg. amounts of public money was spent on welfare and relief programs. Regulations imposed on the stock market and banking systems Impact of the New Deal More gov't involvement but w/in the context of traditional U.S. democracy (not socialist…) New Deal helped in stimulating the U.S. economy, but only WWII would truly end the Great Depression unemployed found jobs in munitions factories and the military The Great Depression*Global Depression (World-wide) Economies fail *Young Democracies do not meet the needs of the people *Many people turn to totalitarian dictators to rule, but not America Candidate 1 •Education – Some Secondary Schooling, through 9th grade. •Religion – Love of his country, Christian. •Career – Veteran of a World War, decorated twice for courage in battle, public speaker and leader of a large political party, wrote a best-selling book. •Personal habits – Non smoker, vegetarian Candidate 2 •Education – Harrow School, and College Graduate of Royal Military School. •Religion – Christian •Education – History degree from Harvard University, Graduate of Columbia Law School. •Experience – 2nd Lt. In an army regiment, experienced war veteran, Head of the nation’s Naval War Staff, Nation’s Minister of Finance, leader – in the House of Commons for 40 years, Nobel prize winner in literature. •Religion – Christian •Married – 57 years, with 5 children •Negatives – Paralyzed from the waist down, marital infidelity, drinks and smokes. •Negatives: Did some jail time as well. •Negatives: Drinks whiskey and smokes cigars. Known for his “liberal” politics. •Single, no children •Age - 66 •Age - 44 Candidate 3 •Career – NY Senator, Asst. Sec. Of the Navy, Governor of New York. •Married – 40 years with 5 children •Age - 50 Adolf Hitler •Education – Some Secondary Schooling, through 9th grade. •Religion – Love of his country, Christian. •Career – Veteran of a World War, decorated twice for courage in battle, public speaker and leader of a large political party, wrote a bestselling book. •Personal habits – Non smoker, vegetarian •Negatives: Did some jail time as well. •Single, no children •Age - 44 Winston Churchill •Education – Harrow School, and College Graduate of Royal Military School. •Religion – Christian Franklin Roosevelt •Education – History degree from Harvard University, Graduate of Columbia Law School. •Experience – 2nd Lt. In an army regiment, experienced war veteran, Head of the nation’s Naval War Staff, Nation’s Minister of Finance, leader – in the House of Commons for 40 years, Nobel prize winner in literature. •Religion – Christian •Married – 57 years, with 5 children •Negatives – Paralyzed from the waist down, marital infidelity, drinks and smokes. •Negatives: Drinks whiskey and smokes cigars. Known for his “liberal” politics. •Age - 66 •Career – NY Senator, Asst. Sec. Of the Navy, Governor of New York. •Married – 40 years with 5 children •Age - 50 Four Totalitarian Dictators Adolf Hitler Ruler of Germany “Dur Furher” Mussolini Ruler of Italy “El Duce”Newspaper man Joseph Stalin Cruel ruler of Soviet Union “Man of Steele” Tojo Military leader of Japan Features of Totalitarian States *Single Party Dictatorship State control of the economy *Secret Police and state terrorism *Censorship/Gov’t control of media Use of schools/media to indocrinate citizens Unquestioning obedience to single ruler Joseph Stalin - Soviet Union Command economy: gov’t makes all economic decisions Five-Year Plans: *to develop heavy industry/catch up with the industrialized nations Soviet Union *Soviets less affected by the Great Depression because of the planned economy Limited consumer goods led to shortages:housing, food,clothing,etc. *Mass Murder in the Soviet Union* The Great Purge: campaign of terror by Stalin to eliminating anyone who threatened his power. Stalin had political prisoners executed Orthodox leaders sent to labor camps; often die as a result Setting the Stage in Germany After WWI Germany blamed for starting WWI in the treaty of Versailles The harsh conditions of this treaty will lead to the rise of Nazism in Germany Setting the Stage in Germany Weimar Republic – a weak democracy in Germany after WWI The German government cannot solve Germany’s economic problems German Reichstag Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 He blamed the democratic leaders for surrendering to the Allies in WWI *To gain support Hitler promised the German people he would withdraw from the League of Nations Nazism National Socialist German Workers’ Party, called Nazi for short German form of Fascism supported by people in the middle and lower class Adopted the swastika, or “hooked cross” as its symbol Nazi Party By 1930’s the Nazi party gained popularity 1933 Hitler became Chancellor of Germany Nazi Aggressions*1936-Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland Nazi Aggressions *1938-Hitler annexed Austria *1938-He demanded the Sudetenland (part of Czech.) Munich Conference – Appeasement - 1938 Appeasement is giving in to a bully in hopes that he will no longer continue to threaten others; *France and Britain Gave Hitler the Rhineland, Sudetenland and Austria on the promise that he would not expand Germany any more. *They thought if they appeased Hitler, he would stop Nazi Aggressions Six months later Hitler makes a treaty with the Soviet Union; nonaggression pact he then took the rest of Czech. *1939- Appeasement fails & Germany invaded PolandWWII begins in Europe *Fascism Political system that emphasized loyalty to its state and obedience to its leader. *Extreme Nationalism: *glorified nation above individual State dictates economic activities of individuals Rule by one all-powerful dictator Mussolini Comes to Power in Italy Italians felt the democratic government they had was helpless to deal with their problems and were looking for a strong leader. *A newspaper editor and politician named Benito Mussolini promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy and rebuilding its armed forces. Italy’s king let Mussolini form a new government and so Mussolini became “Il Duce”, the leader; came to power legally. The Fascist government was formed. Japanese Imperialism *An important reason for Japanese attacks on Manchuria and China was that they wanted to obtain natural resources for their industry Going to War *Japan’s invasion of China in 1937 and the attack on Poland by Germany in 1939 were “catalysts” leading up to WWII beginning in Asia and Europe.