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WWII Americans at War Chapter 18 1941 - 1945 How do you gear up for a war? Boosted defense spending from $2 billion to 10 billion. Encouraged enlistment. Selective Training and Service Act All males 21 – 36. The GI War “Government Issue” Applied to all soldiers, sailors and aviators. Diversity in the Armed Forces 300,000 Mexican Americans Million African Americans 25, 000 Native Americans. 350,000 Women NativeAmericans in the Military The US needed a code to communicate that the Japanese couldn’t break. US intelligence bet the Japanese never bothered to learn about Native American languages. Wind Talkers / Code Talkers Mostly Navajo African Americans in the Military At first officials limited African Americans to supporting roles Cooks, drivers, garbage pick up After 1942 – gave opportunities to fight. Separate units Tuskegee Airmen Women in the military Personnel shortage allowed women into all positions EXCEPT combat. Clerks, typists, air traffic control, mechanics, photographers, drivers. Towed practice targets for anti-aircraft gunners. Preparing an Economy for War With Japan controlling the Pacific the US was cut off from VITAL raw materials Rubber Oil Tin Preparing an Economy for War Thanks to the New Deal – the government had tremendous power over the economy. WPB War Production Board – • Convert peacetime industries to produce war materials. Cars to building bomber planes Preparing an Economy for War By 1944 American production levels doubled those of all the Axis powers together. 1945 300,000 planes 80,000 landing craft 100,000 armored cars and tanks 6 million rifles 41 BILLION rounds of ammunition! Wartime Work Force War production ended any lasting Depression unemployment. Wages rose by 50% between 1940 – 1945. Mostly women workers “There’s a war on, you know!” Rosie the Riveter Financing the War 1939 – US govt. spending was 8.9 billion. 1945 – US govt. spending was $95.2 billion!!!! How did we pay for the war? 41% paid for by higher taxes Urged people and businesses to buy war bonds. Loans of your money to government. • Pay back date with interest for the loan. How did we pay for the war? Went further into debt! 1940 – deficit spending made the US debt $43 billion. 1945 - $259 billion in debt! Daily Life on the Home Front Practically every family had someone in the war. 30-million people moved. Soldiers moved Families of soldiers moved People moved to take jobs BUT the population grew by 7.5 million 1940 – 1945. Double the rate of the 1930s. Shortages and Controls Workers were making $$$$ But there was really nothing to spend it on. Shortages Zippers Typewriters Rubber Nylon stockings Anything that had metal, rubber or nylon was needed for the war. Food Shortages too Between troop needs and enemy stopping supply lines. Sugar Tropical fruits Coffee Chocolate OPA: Office of Price Administration When demand is greater than supply prices go UP! INFLATION! Had to limit prices. OPA decided the prices for Sugar Coffee Meat Butter Canned food Shoes Gas Ration Books Coupons with certain values allotted goods for the month. Based on family size Did consider distance and needs of farmers Popular Culture Looking for ways to spend money Movies Radio Books and magazines Ballgames with female players Enlisting Public Support Office of War Information Writers and artists created posters and ads that stirred Americans’ patriotic feelings. What civilians were encouraged to do: Older men: join the Civilian Defense effort Kids: Scrap metal drives Women: Grow Victory Gardens Knit scarves and socks for the war Roll bandages for the Red Cross Motto “Play YOUR Part” “Conserve and Collect” “Use it up, wear it out, make it do or do without” Nebraska Note: The North Platte Canteen December 25, 1941 – April 1, 1946 Served 6-million servicemen served sandwiches, coffee, cookies and cakes during stops. Retaking Europe (Section 2) Roosevelt and Churchill met in August 1941 to decide what the goals of their alliance would be. The Atlantic Charter There would be no enlargement of territories. Freedom of people to choose their government Final destruction of the Nazis. Battle of the Atlantic How to get supplies to the British? Wolf Packs 20 U boats that hunted enemy convoys in packs. Took out 175 allied ships in 1942 alone. Some in sight of the US coastline. How to combat the wolf packs? SONAR (kinda worked) Long range sub hunting aircraft Better depth charges Cut off U Boats from their ports in Germany and France. The Major Players of the Atlantic War; Western Front; European Theatre Churchill – Prime Minister of England Roosevelt – US President Josef Stalin – Chairman of Soviet Union Players for the Fascists Hitler – Germany Mussolini - Italy The Generals: Allies Dwight “Ike” Eisenhower (1890 – 1969) Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces Excelled at Staffing issues Diplomacy The Generals: United States George Patton : 1885 – 1945. As a boy knew he wanted to be a hero. LOVED war. Early on realized the potential for tanks. Did NOT have good diplomacy skills. The Generals: Allies England’s Field Marshal Montgomery – Not a particularly great general – but he made sure people thought he was great. The BRILLIANT Nazi Generals Rommel “The Desert Fox” Erwin Rommel (1891 – 1944) Great tank commander Used surprise and bold moves. Was NOT a member of the Nazi party The BRILLIANT Nazi Admirals Admiral Karl Donitz U boat strategy Sea mine technology Ice water instead of blood in his veins. The Brilliant Italian Generals The North Africa Campaign February 1943: US had their butts kicked by the Nazis. May 1943: US came back, defeated Nazis and took 240,000 German and Italians prisoners. 2000 ended up in POW camps in Nebraska. Invasion of Italy: Start of Retaking Europe 7th Army under Patton took Sicily and the English started to invade the mainland of Italy. Invasion of Italy Mussolini’s Fascists turned against him. Nazis rescued Mussolini Set him up in a Puppet Government in northern Italy It sure wasn’t over yet! Battle of Anzio and Cassino trapped Americans and English and went from January – May 1944. Allies v. German Nazis April 1945 Italy was in Allied control. The End for Mussolini Caught by the Italians as he tried to leave Italy and escape to Germany. Ended by the Italians. The War in the Soviet Union The Germans advance in Russia 1941 – 1942. Blitzkrieg Nazis were first greeted as liberators by the ethnic nationalities in Russia. They hated Stalin. The War in the Soviet Union Nazis turned on the local people. Executions Forced labor People engaged in guerrilla actions against the Nazis. Russia’s Fight Guerrilla Warfare Scorched Earth Policy Stalin BEGGED Roosevelt and Churchill to invade Western Europe to take some pressure off the Red Army. Russia’s BEST weapon The Russian winter Important Soviet Battles Battle of Stalingrad September 1942 – January 1943 Important Soviet Battles Siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg today) Battle of Stalingrad 330,000 Nazi dead 90,000 Nazi prisoners taken BUT 1,100,000 dead Russians to make it happen. Nazis lost their holdings in Russia. The Allied Air War B-17s Flying Fortress Carpet Bombing 40,000 died in one day in Hamburg, Germany The Invasion of Western Europe Time to go after the Nazis in Germany. But where do we start from??? Invasion of Western Europe: DDay June 6, 1944 some 4,600 invasion craft left England for France. 150,000 soldiers 1,000 RAF aircraft dropped 23,000 paratroopers in France D-Day: Why June 6th? Rommel’s wife’s birthday! Took the chance he would go to be with her. He took the bait! D-Day: Largest landing by sea in history Omaha Beach Utah Beach D-Day: Omaha Beach Killing Zone 12 major resistance nests that reigned fire down over every inch of the beach. IF they made it to the beach. D-Day: Omaha Beach If you made it to the beach If you made it across the beach You had to climb up a cliff to reach the Germans. D-Day: Utah Beach Landing was hard – currents. Trouble happened later. Hedgerow fighting D-Day 3,000 American, British casualties 2,000 German casualties By the next week 500,000 Allies were in France. Liberating France Patton used a Blitzkrieg to blow a hole through the Germans to advance out of Normandy. With French Resistance they liberated Paris August 25, 1944. The Battle of the Bulge: Germany fights back December 1944 Germans cut off part of the American army from the main group. Patton did an amazing movement in winter of troops to save the American forces. 600,000 GI soldiers involved 80,000 killed, wounded 100,000 Germans killed The War in Europe Ends Stalin’s Red Army approaching Germany from the East. British, American and French approaching from the West. March 1945 The War in Europe Ends Russia was out for revenge for Nazi atrocities committed against them. 18- MILLION dead Russians. Crossing the Elbe River April 25, 1945 US and Russian troops joined up and pushed on into Berlin Germany Surrenders: V-E Day! April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide. May 8, 1945: Germany surrenders V-E: Victory in Europe. Yalta: Where the Peace went wrong FDR, Churchill, Stalin met to discuss the peace. Yalta: Where the Peace went wrong Plan was to divide German territories and Berlin into four zones, each controlled by an Ally: England, US, France, Russia. Repair the economy Rid the zone of Nazis Hold free elections Get out after repairs are done. Yalta Stalin didn’t keep to the agreement. Punished the Germans Stole what was left of the economy Did NOT hold free elections. • Put puppet communist regimes in.