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Transcript
The Allies Trade Space for Time After Pearl Harbor Nationalism in America hit an all-time high Isolationism died forever The people of America want revenge FDR Decided to get Germany first because Hitler posed the greatest threat The Sleeping Giant Awakens Preparing for war America turns industry into a total war machine Major industrial businesses (Ford, GE, Dupont, U.S. Steel etc…) shut down consumer production, and turn full focus on producing equipment for war. Organizing a massive military America’s military grows to about 15 million men and women 7 million American men saw combat in WW2 Civil Liberties Attacked FDR issues Executive Order 9066 which ordered JapaneseAmericans on the west coast to be placed in Internment Camps The internment camps would “eliminated” the threat of Japanese spies The Japanese that were sent were denied due process of the law Korematzu v. the U.S. (Supreme Court case) Upheld the constitutionality of the internment camps Ending the Depression 1942 The Great Depression officially ended! It was ended by $100 Billion in defense spending WWII, not the New Deal, had ended the Depression During WWII (1942-1945) National debt goes from $49 Billion to $259 Billion (Up 1363% since FDR took office in 1932) War Production Board WPB Took control of industry Ended production of non-essential products (passenger cars, consumer products) Turned peacetime companies into war machines Ford made tanks and planes, GE made bombs and guns, Smith Corona shifted from typewriters to rifles. Office of Price Administration Office of Price Administration Kept the wartime economy under control by: 1. 2. 3. Set wage and price ceilings to ensure consumers weren't affected by the rising inflation in the economy Regulating tax code Rationing of goods such as sugar, coffee, gasoline, foodstuffs “Rosie the Riveter” Takes Over Women Played a huge role in industrial war production Made planes, ships, tanks, artillery etc… They did the jobs the men overseas could not. If not for the production of women during WW2 the war effort would not have been possible. American Leaders in WWII U.S. Presidents – Franklin Roosevelt Supreme Commander of the Pacific Theater – General Douglas MacArthur Supreme Commander of the European Theater – Dwight D. Eisenhower General of the 3rd Armored Tank Division – George Patton Army Chief of Staff – George Marshall Admiral of the Navy (Pacific Theater) – Chester Nimitz Slow Start in the Pacific The Japanese - Beat the Americans in Guam and the Philippines American suffered heavy casualties General Douglas MacArthur (American Supreme Commander of the Pacific Theater) was forced to sneak out of the Philippines at night and had to leave his troops to die Promised to return and liberate the Philippines Battle of the Coral Sea First Japanese – American Sea Battle Fought with planes off of two aircraft carriers Both sides had heavy losses The MOST important thing about the Battle of the Coral Sea was: The U.S. intercepted Japanese message that revealed the next target was the Island of Midway The Battle of Midway Because of the intercepted letter The Americans were ready for the attack on Midway Instead of being surprised with an attack, the Americans did the surprising Sunk four Japanese Aircraft carriers and took out dozens of planes. ***Midway is known as the turning point in the war in the Pacific*** The U.S. Island Hopping The U.S. begins “island hopping” and taking one island at a time (pushing back Japan) Guadalcanal, New Guinea Led by Navy Admiral Chester Nimitz and Douglas MacArthur Making their way back to liberate the Philippines Allied Halting of Hitler The Nazi “Afrika Korps” Led Nazi General Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) Pushing toward the Suez Canal in Egypt because the Nazis wanted control of the Middle Eastern oil supply Liberating Africa Dwight D. Eisenhower Designs the assault on N. Africa (Operation Torch) to force the Nazis out of Tunisia. North Africa (Tunisia) was under the control of the Afrika Korps led by Nazi General Erwin Rommel (The Desert Fox) Opening the 2nd front Bernard Montgomery (British General) and General George Patton (American) lead the invasion of Africa in Operation Torch. They are able to : stop the Nazi movement toward the middle east Force Erwin Rommel to retreat into Europe The 2nd front was opened to: ease the burden on the Soviets (The USSR lost 20 million men by the war’s end) weaken Hitler’s forces by splitting them up. Meeting in Casablanca Casablanca Conference FDR and Churchill meet and agree to seek unconditional surrender from Germany Stalingrad Turns the Tide Stalingrad (***Turning point in Europe***) Because of the opening of the 2nd front, the Soviets are able to reverse the German advance and begin to push the Nazis back toward Germany Into Italy In 1943 The Allies invade Italy The Nazis take control in Italy after Mussolini is captured and jailed (Mussolini was later killed while trying to escape Italy) The invasion of Italy was important because It diverted Hitler’s attention to Southern Europe It gave the Allies a chance to invade Northern Europe Patton’s Ghost Army D-Day (Operation Overlord) June 6, 1944 Planned by General Dwight Eisenhower Largest sea, air, and land attack in history The day the Allies invaded Nazi occupied France The allies stormed the beaches of Normandy (France) Gained a foothold (80 miles wide)in France From here the allies would begin to push the Nazis back from the west. Closing in on Berlin General George S. Patton In charge of the 3rd Armored Tank Division Liberated Paris from the Nazis Pushed the Nazis back across the French countryside and into Germany FDR’s 4th Term FDR runs for a 4th term and wins Harry Truman becomes his vice president FDR won because the war was going well FDR Aging Quickly 1932 1945 The Battle of Ardennes AKA The Battle of the Bulge Bastogne, Belgium The last Nazi offensive of WWII The Nazis almost broke through the American lines, but the U.S. Army holds off long enough for reinforcements to arrive and beat back the Nazis. December 26, 1944 General Patton’s third armored division relieves the American troops and ends Germany’s last offensive attack of the war. Pushing Toward Germany On the way to Berlin Americans (in the West) and Soviets (in the East) stumble across the Nazi Death camps The Horrors of the death camps become known to the world Eisenhower forced German citizens to come look at what their government had done. The Death of FDR April 1945 While vacationing in GA FDR has a brain aneurism and dies He missed the surrender of the Nazis by less than 2 weeks. On to Berlin The Soviets reach Berlin, Germany first: Hitler hid in his bunker with his mistress Eva Braun They both committed suicide May 7, 1945 Germany Surrenders The next day is “V-E Day” (Victory in Europe Day) The War with Japan Continues MacArthur Liberated the Philippines (as he had promised) Iwo Jima (an island off the mainland of Japan) Captured by the Americans The battle provided America with an airstrip so they could bomb the Japanese mainland Okinawa Okinawa The last ground battle of WWII The last Japanese held island before the mainland Americans suffered 50,000 casualties Japanese suffered 110,000 casualties The Japanese launch the Kamikaze pilots (suicide bombers) in desperation While they do kill some Americans, it also depletes much of the Japanese arsenal Changing Warfare Forever The Manhattan Project Top secret American project to create a nuclear bomb Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer The Trinity test took place in New Mexico. Refusing to Surrender The Japanese refuse to surrender after Okinawa Harry Truman authorized the dropping of the first nuke on Hiroshima Japanese still refuse to surrender 3 days later -Another nuke is dropped on Nagasaki Japan surrendered 10 days later Accepting Surrender August 19, 1945 Aboard the U.S.S. Missouri General MacArthur and Chester Nimitz accepts the ceremonial surrender from Emperor Hirohito The Result of the War Results: America came out of the war stronger than ever (politically, economically, and socially) America and the Soviet Union become the two world powers 450,000 Americans gave their lives (1,000,000 total casualties) The war costs were close to $300 billion