Download The Coming of the Second World War

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LOGO
The Second World War
and its Impact
The Great European Nightmare
Diplomatic Triumphs and Failures
• Treaty of Versailles did not create an enduring
peace by severely punishing Germany and
triggering future resentment against the "dictated
peace."
• League of Nations, without (US & USSR) didn't
have will nor support to maintain peace.
• Washington Naval Conference, 1921-22: did
not stop naval arms race
• Five Power Treaty: created a 5-5-3 battleship
ratio between U.S., Britain and Japan (others left
out)
Diplomatic Triumphs and Failures
• Locarno Pact, 1925: "spirit of Locarno" no
longer relevant once Hitler took power
• Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928: "war is
illegal"; not enforceable
• Japanese invasion of Manchuria, 1931:
League of Nations condemned, but did
little; Japan pulled out of League as a
result
Hitler’s Foreign Policy
•
•
Hitler withdrew from League of Nations,
1933: secretly begins rearmament
Stresa Front, 1935: Mussolini and
others concerned Hitler withdrew from
Versailles Treaty
–
•
Italy, France, and Britain protested strongly,
understanding the danger; agreed to use force to
maintain status quo.
However only a year later, Mussolini allied with Hitler
to help fascists win in Spain
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
• German reoccupation of the Rhineland,
1936: violated Versailles Treaty and
Locarno Pact
• France unwilling to enforce the treaty
without British aid; British didn't want
another war.
• Hitler knew of the allies desire to avoid war
at all costs; took advantage of this.
Italian Aggression in Ethiopia
• Italian invasion of Ethiopia,
1935: League of Nations
ineffective in its actions and
protests.
– Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie
appeals to League, who branded
Italy an aggressor state.
– Embargo placed on Italy, but it did
not include oil, which Italy needed
to continue its invasion.
– Conquest complete in May 1936.
Haile Selassie
Spanish Civil War, 1936
• Mussolini and Hitler use conflict as a
testing ground for their military forces:
Italy's army; Germany's airforce -Luftwaffe
• Fascism prevails under Francisco Franco
• League ineffective in helping republicans
(Loyalists) against Franco.
• Rome-Berlin Axis formed ("Fascintern"):
an alliance between fascist Italy and
Germany
The Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
• Oct. 1936, Germany and Italy signed
the Rome-Berlin Axis.
• Anti-Comintern Pact, 1937: Italy
signed with Germany and Japan to
oppose communism
• Japan invades China, 1937: world
watches the destruction of Chinese
cities like Shanghai and "Rape of
Nanking," but does little. Marks the
beginning of World War II in Asia.
Annexation of Austria
• Anschluss: Germany
annexes Austria, 1938
• Hitler bullies the Austrians
into accepting German
control of the nation.
• Nazis in Austria put
pressure on the
government.
• German troops moved in on
March 13.
• A plebiscite in April had a
majority of Austrians favor
the unification.
The Czechoslovakian Crisis
• Sudetenland: Hitler demanded the
German-speaking province in
Czechoslovakia or else there would be
war
• Munich Conference, 1938 arranged
by British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain
• Attended by Britain, France, Italy &
Germany; Czechoslovakia and
Russia not invited!
• British Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain adopted a policy of
appeasement
• Appeasement: making concessions to
an aggressor in order to achieve peace
The Czechoslovakian Crisis
• Pacifism is prevalent in Britain
and France: memories of
horrors of WWI; large
segments of the populace don't
want war
• Munich Agreement:
Czechoslovakia forced to give
away Sudetenland
• Chamberlain returns to Britain
a hero, boasting: "we have
secured peace in our time"
• German invasion of
Czechoslovakia, spring1939:
Hitler double-crosses
Chamberlain
The Polish Crisis
• Hitler makes demands on port city of
Danzig (Gdansk) in the Polish Corridor
• Chamberlain says if Germany attacks
Poland there will be war
• Hitler does not want a two-front war
against France & Britain in west and
Russia in east
The Polish Crisis
• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, Aug.
1939
– World shocked that archenemies Hitler and
Stalin would make such an agreement
– Hitler sought assurances USSR would not
attack Germany if Germany invaded Poland
– Public agreement: nonaggression treaty
– Private agreement: Germany and USSR
would invade Poland and split the country in
half.
The Outbreak of War
• Germany invades
Poland, Sept. 1,
1939: marks
beginning of World
War II in Europe
• September 3,
Britain & France
declare war on
Germany
Hitler’s Conquests
• Blitzkrieg ("lightning war"): new form of warfare
used by Germany to quickly defeat an enemy by
poking a hole in enemy line and cutting off front
lines from the rear thus surrounding enemy.
• Used coordinated attack on one part of enemy
line with airforce, tanks, and artillery
• Poland defeated in about a month; partition
occurred when USSR attacked from east.
• Stalin invades Finland (1939) and annexes
Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania (1940) to create a
buffer zone, believing Hitler will one day invade
Soviet Union
Hitler’s Conquests
• sitzkrieg (“Phony War”):
After Poland, a 7-month lull
ensued, causing some to say
WWII was a myth. The world
waited to see where Hitler
might strike next.
• Spring 1940: Hitler invaded
Denmark, Sweden, Norway,
Netherlands, Belgium &
Luxembourg
The Fall of France
• Fall of France, June 1940 occurred in less
than six weeks
• Dunkirk: thousands of French and British
soldiers trapped on beaches of France
• Before Germans came in for the kill,
thousands were rescued by armada of
British vessels
• Vichy France: Hitler did not wish to waste
time subduing all of France
• Puppet gov't created in southern France
• “Free French” led by General Charles De
Gaulle, General Charles De Gaulle, who
fled to Britain.
DeGaulle
The Battle of Britain
Churchill
• Battle of Britain: one of
most critical battles of the
war
• Hitler sought to soften Britain
up for an invasion
("Operation Sealion")
• Luftwaffe (led by Herman
Goering, one of Hitler's
inner circle) sent to destroy
Royal Air Force (RAF)
• Winston Churchill emerged
as inspirational war leader of
Britain.
The Battle of Britain
• After almost defeating RAF,
Hitler ordered bombing of
London: fatal error
• RAF and their Spitfire fighters
recovered and ultimately
defeated Luftwaffe: Hitler
forced to call off invasion of
Britain
• Significance: Hitler had to
guard against a future two-front
war; (D-Day launched from
Britain)
The Battle of the Atlantic
• German U-Boats were
an effective weapon
against the British.
• The British depended
upon their fleet and
their trade connections
to feed their people.
• German U-Boats sank
thousands of allied
shipping in 1940-41.
War in North Africa
Rommel
• Italy invaded British Egypt in Sept.
1940 and were repelled; the British
took control of Italy’s East Africa
possessions.
• Hitler dispatched the Afrika Korps
under Field Marshal Erwin
Rommel, the “Desert Fox” to aid
the Italians.
• The Germans renewed their
advance into Egypt, meeting
British General Bernard
Montgomery.
Invasion of the Soviet Union
• German invasion of Soviet Union, Operation
Barbarossa, June 1941: Hitler's attempt at
"lebensraum"
• "Scorched Earth": Soviets destroyed anything
of value as they withdrew to deprive German
army of resources; 1,000's of towns
disappeared!
• By winter, Germans at the gates of Moscow; lay
siege to Leningrad in the North (lasted two
years) and Stalingrad in the south.
• In Soviet Union, WWII became known as “Great
Patriotic War of the Fatherland”
The Holocaust
• Holocaust resulted in deaths of
6 million Jews and 6 million
others
• Hitler's "Final Solution" to the
Jewish problem
• Formal plan came at Wanasee
Conference in 1942
• Six death camps built in Poland
in addition to hundreds of
concentration camps.
• Auschwitz was most notorious
camp.
Auschwitz
The Atlantic Charter
• Churchill and FDR meet secretly after
invasion of Soviet Union
• Decide once Axis Powers defeated, there
would be no territorial changes contrary to
the wishes inhabitants (selfdetermination)
• Called for “a permanent system of general
security”: later became the United Nations
• Stalin endorsed the agreement soon
thereafter
U.S. Neutrality
• Neutrality Acts in 1930s prevented FDR
from drawing U.S. into the conflict earlier.
• In general, a mood if isolationism prevailed
in the United States, leading the U.S. to
stay out of the conflict.
• Lend-Lease Act (1941) gave large
amounts of money and supplies to help
Britain and Soviets; effectively ended U.S.
neutrality.
U.S Entry
• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec. 7,
1941, resulted in U.S. entry into the war
• Hitler declared war on U.S.: (another fatal
blunder!) Instead of focusing on Japan,
U.S. (along with Britain) would instead
focus on defeating Germany first.
• The Grand Alliance formed in 1942:
Britain, Soviet Union and U.S. and 2
dozen other countries
The Soviet Counterattack
• The Germans pushed toward the oil rich
Caucasus region.
• Stalingrad was the key. Dec. 1942: first
Nazi defeat on land; Sixth army
surrenders.
• Soviets began the 2.5 year campaign of
pushing the German army back to Berlin.
• By the end of 1943, the Russians had
taken back 2/3 of Soviet Territory.
War Diplomacy
• Casablanca Conference,1943 FDR and
Churchill declared a policy of unconditional
surrender for “all enemies”
• Italy would be invaded first before opening
2nd Front in France (to Stalin's dismay)
• Moscow Conference: 1943: US obtained
Soviet agreement to enter the war against
Japan after Germany was defeated and to
participate in a world organization after the
war was over.
Tehran Conference, 1943
• First meeting of the
“Big Three”:
Roosevelt, Churchill,
Stalin
• Allies agreed to an
invasion of the
Western Europe in
1944.
• Stalin reaffirmed the
Soviet commitment to
enter the war against
Japan
Tehran Conference, 1943
• Stalin insisted on Soviet control of Eastern
Europe and the carving up of Germany
• Churchill demanded free governments in
Eastern Europe and a strong Germany
after the war to preserve a balance of
power in Europe.
• Roosevelt acted as a mediator and
believed he could work with Stalin to
achieve a post-world peace within the
construct of the United Nations.
The Mediterranean
• “Operation Torch”, 1943: U.S. and
British forces landed on North Africa
• El Alamein: British under Bernard
Montgomery (“Monty”) drove the German
Afrika Corps and General Erwin Rommel
(“The Desert Fox”)out of Egypt
• Germany eventually defeated and suffered
mass casualties and surrenders.
• Invasion of Sicily and Italy began in 1943
Allied Air Campaign
• In 1944, the Allies began a directed aerial
bombing campaign against Germany.
• American air crews specialized in daylight
precision bombing, while the British
conducted nighttime raids.
• During the following two years, German
industry, railroads, and cities were
destroyed.
Invasion of Western Europe
• D-Day, Operation Overlord, June 6, 1944:
invasion of Normandy (northern French coast)
by American, British, Canadian, and other allied
forces under he command of Gen. Dwight
Eisenhower.
• Western front established; spelled end of Nazi
domination of Europe; Paris liberated in August.
• Hitler now fighting on three fronts: east against
Russians, west against U.S. and Britain (&
France) and Italy against U.S. and Britain
Allied Victories in the West
• Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 1944: Hitler's
last gasp offensive to drive Allies away
from western German border; after it
failed, Allies quickly penetrated deep into
Germany in 1945.
Ending the War
• V-E Day, May 8, 1945: Germany
surrenders (Hitler committed suicide a few
days earlier)
• End of the war against Japan: U.S.
dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki, Russia invades Manchuria
Results of World War II
• About 55 million dead (including missing); 22
million in USSR alone.
• Holocaust resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews
and 6 million others.
• Millions homeless and millions relocated
(especially Germans living outside Germany)
• Much of Europe lay in ruins: would take years to
rebuild economy
• Women played even larger role in the war
economy than in WWI (gained more rights after
war)
• The U.S. and Soviet Union emerged as the two
dominant powers in the postwar world.
Roots of the Cold War
• Teheran Conference, 1943: USSR guaranteed
to be only power to liberate Eastern Europe
• Yalta Conference, 1945:
• Stalin pledged to allow democratic elections in
E. Europe (but later reneged)
• Germany would be divided into four zones
controlled by U.S., France, Britain and USSR
• After war, Soviets dominated their zone and did
not allow reunification of Germany
Securing the Peace
• Yalta Conference, 1945: "Big Three" met again
• Stalin agreed to enter Pacific war within 3 months after
Germany surrendered
• Stalin agreed to a “Declaration of Liberated Europe” which
called for free elections.
• Called for United Nations to meet in U.S. beginning in April
1945
• Soviets would have 3 votes in General Assembly
• U.S., Britain, USSR, France & China to be permanent
members of Security Council.
• Germany to be divided into occupied zones and a coalition
government of communists and non-communists was agreed
to for Poland.
• U.S.S.R. allowed to keep its pre-1939 territory.
• FDR accepted Soviet control of Outer Mongolia, the Kurile
Islands, the southern half of Sakhalin Island, Port Arthur
(Darien), and partial operation of the Manchurian railroads.
Securing the Peace
• Potsdam Conference, July 1945: Stalin, Harry Truman
and Clement Atlee
• Issued warning to Japan of unconditional surrender or
face utter devastation
• Stalin reversed his position on eastern Europe stating
there would be no free elections
• Approvals given to concept of war-crimes trials and the
demilitarization and denazification of Germany.
• Reparations from Germany could be taken from each
respective zone.
• During conference Truman ordered dropping of atomic
bomb on Japan
International Cooperation
Goering takes the stand
• Following the war, nations
met in San Francisco to
sign the United Nations
Charter (building upon the
Atlantic Charter) and the
UN was established in New
York.
• In 1945, the Nuremberg
war crimes trials began,
trying the Nazi leaders for
crimes against humanity.
American Perspective
• Stalin seemed intent on creating
"spheres" of influence in Eastern Europe
• Broke pledges at Yalta; refused to allow
reunification of Germany
• Churchhill's "Iron Curtain" speech in
1946 alerted Americans to a future conflict
• U.S. wanted democracy spread
throughout the world with a strong
international organization to maintain
global peace
Soviet Perspective
• Democracies traditionally hostile towards
communism and the USSR
• e.g., Archangel expedition during WWI; nonrecognition by U.S. until 1933
• US & Britain did not open western front in
Europe early enough; millions of Soviet soldiers
were dying fighting the brunt of Nazi armies
alone until mid-1944.
• The US and Britain froze Russia out of the
atomic bomb project.
• US terminated lend-lease to Moscow in May
1945 but gave Britain aid until 1946.
• Wanted "buffer zone" for the Soviet western
border esp. in Poland
Partition of Germany
• USSR, U.S., Britain &
France would each
occupy a part of
Germany but would
allow for German
reunification once she
was no longer a threat.
• Germany was to pay
heavy reparations to
USSR in form of
agricultural and
industrial goods.
Partition of Germany
• Soviets dominated their Eastern German
zone
• Did not want revitalized Germany that
could once again pose a threat.
• Stripped E. Germany of much of its
resources.
• U.S. and W. Europeans felt German
economy vital to recovery of Europe
Partition of Germany
• 1949, West Germany became an
independent country when US,
France and Britain gave back
each of their zones
• Federal Republic of Germany –
led by Konrad Adenauer
• 1949, East Germany formally
established – Democratic
Republic of Germany led by
Walter Ulbricht (1883-1973);
communist regime influenced by
Moscow
Konrad Adenauer
Containment
• By 1947, US pledged to prevent further spread
of communism
• Truman Doctrine, 1947: U.S. gave aid to
Greece and Turkey to defeat communist forces
there.
• Marshall Plan, 1947: Massive aid package to
help war-torn Europe recover from the war
– Purpose: prevent communism from spreading into
economically devastated regions
– Result: Western and Central Europe recovered
economically -- the "economic miracle"
– Soviets refused to allow U.S. aid to countries in
eastern Europe
Containment
• Berlin Crisis (1948-49):
Soviets attempted to
remove Allies from Berlin
by cutting off access
• One of high tension points
of the Cold War; close to
World War III
• U.S. instituted a massive
airlift; Soviets lifted
blockade in 1949
NATO
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) formed in 1949
• Collective security organization consisting
of democracies in Europe, U.S. & Canada
to prevent against Soviet expansion in
Europe.
• Radio Free Europe & Voice of America
set up to send pro-democracy messages
to countries behind the "iron curtain"
Eastern Bloc
• Countries in Eastern Europe
dominated by Soviet Union after
WWII
• Included Poland, Hungary,
Czechoslovakia, East Germany,
Rumania, Bulgaria
• Communist parties of eastern
Europe established one-party
states by 1948, with help of Red
Army and KGB (Soviet secret
police).
• The Warsaw Pact was established
in 1955 to counter NATO in west.
• Only Yugoslavia, led by Marshal
Tito, is not dominated by Soviets.
Marshall Tito
Eastern Bloc
• Postwar economic recovery in eastern Europe
proceeded along Soviet lines.
• Changes went forward at slow & uneven pace;
came to almost a halt by the mid-1960s.
• Five-year plans in USSR reintroduced to tackle
massive economic reconstruction
• Stalin reinstitutes oppressive rule
• Great Patriotic War of the Fatherland had
fostered Russian nationalism and a relaxation of
dictatorial terror.
Eastern Bloc
• Stalin’s new foe, the U.S., provided an excuse
for re-establishing harsh dictatorship.
• After war, Stalin repressed millions of Soviet
citizens living outside Soviet borders when the
war ended.
• Stalin revived many forced labor camp, which
had accounted for roughly 1/6 of all new
construction in Soviet Union before the war
• Culture and art were also purged
Czechoslovakia
• Czechoslovakia the economic exception in E.
Europe: industrialized, strong middle class and
industrial working class and experience of
political democracy between the wars.
• During “dualist period", President Benes and
Foreign minister Jan Masaryk proposed to
govern a social democracy while maintaining
close voluntary relations with the USSR.
• In response to Marshall Plan in 1947, Stalin
replaced gov’t in 1948 with 1-party communist
rule to prevent nation from courting the West.
Post-War Political and Economic Framework
• Bretton Woods Conference (1944):
created International Monetary Fund
(IMF), World Bank and WTO
• Lay foundations for modern monetary
system; based on U.S. dollar
• IMF (World Bank) designed to loan money
to struggling countries to prevent
economic crises and anarchy; instrumental
in post-war economic boom.
• United Nations created in 1945.
Western Europe political recovery
• Economic hardship after
WWII: scarcity of food,
runaway inflation, black
markets
• Many people believed
Europe was finished.
• Suffering was worst in
Germany.
• Marshall Plan instituted
to help recovery.
Political restructuring
• Christian Democrats inspired by common
Christian and European heritage.
• Rejected authoritarianism & narrow nationalism;
had faith in democracy and cooperation.
• Catholic parties also progressive in nature.
• Socialists and Communists also emerged with
increased power and prestige, especially in
France and Italy.
• Pushed for social change and economic reform
with considerable success.
• Result: social reform and political transformation
created foundations for a great European
renaissance.
Italy
• Christian Democrats
gained control in 1946
led by Alcide De
Gasperi
• Socialist influence:
social benefits came to
equal a large part of the
average worker’s
wages
France
• General Charles De Gaulle, inspiring
wartime leader of Free French, reestablished free and democratic Fourth
Republic (resigned in 1949)
• Catholic party provided some of best
postwar leaders e.g. Robert Schuman
• Socialist influence: large banks, insurance
companies, public utilities, coal mines, and
the Renault auto company were
nationalized by gov’t.
West Germany
• 1949, Konrad
Adenauer began long,
highly successful
democratic rule.
• Christian Democrats
became West
Germany’s majority
party for a generation
Britain
• Clement Attlee, socialist Labour party
leader, defeated Winston Churchill and the
Conservatives in 1945 (later returned to
power).
• Attlee moved toward establishment of a
“welfare state.”
• Many
industries
nationalized,
gov’t
provided each citizen with free medical
service and taxed the middle and upper
classes more heavily.
The Economic Miracle
• Unprecedented economic growth in European
history
• Europe entered period of rapid economic
progress lasting into late 1960s.
• By 1963, western Europe produced more than
2.5 times more than before the war.
• Causes:
– Marshall Plan aid helped western Europe begin
recovery in 1947
– Korean War in 1950 stimulated economic activity.
– Economic growth became a basic objective of all
western European governments.
– Governments accepted Keynesian economics to
stimulate their economies.
The Economic Miracle
• Germany and France were especially
successful and influential.
• In most countries many people willing to
work hard for low wages; expanding
industries benefited.
• Increased demand for consumer goods.
• Many economic barriers eliminated and a
large unified market emerged: Common
Market.
The Common Market
• German economic recovery led by finance
minister Ludwig Erhard
• Combined
free-market
economy
&
extensive social welfare network inherited
from Nazi era.
• By late 1950s, West Germany had robust
economy, full employment, a strong
currency and stable prices.
The Common Market
• France
• Combined flexible planning and a “mixed” state
and private economy to achieve most rapid
economic development in its history.
• Jean Monnet: economic pragmatist and
architect of European unity.
• France used Marshall Plan aid money and the
nationalized banks to funnel money into key
industries, several of which were state owned.
• European Coal and Steal Community in 1958.
European De-Colonization
• Postwar era saw total collapse of colonial
empires.
• Between 1947 and 1962, almost every colonial
territory gained independence.
• New nations of Asia and Africa deeply influenced
by Western ideas and achievements.
• Causes
– Modern nationalism and belief in self-determination
and racial equality, spread from intellectuals to the
masses in virtually every colonial territory after WWI.
– Decline of European prestige: Japanese victories;
destruction of Europe during WWII
– After 1945, European powers more concerned about
rebuilding; let colonies go
India
• India played a key role in decolonization and the end
of empire.
• Indian National Congress: British had no choice but
to develop a native political elite that could assist in
ruling such huge country.
• Exposure of young Indians to Western ideas of
nationalism, socialism, and democracy led to
demands for independence by the early 20th century.
• Mohandas K. Gandhi: after WWI led independence
movement with principle of passive resistance (civil
disobedience)
• Jawaharlal Nehru led Congress party in its push for
independence)
India
• Clement Attlee and others
in Labour party wished to
focus on internal affairs.
• Lord Louis Mountbatten:
appointed to supervise
transition of India to
independence
• Divided India into two
nations: India (Hindu) and
Pakistan (Muslim)
China
• After WWII (defeat of
Japanese invaders) a civil
war broke out between
communists led by Mao
Zedong and Nationalists
led by Jiang Jieshi
(Chang kai-shek)
• Mao won the revolution
and created a communist
country: People's
Republic of China
Indo-China
• After Japanese removed after WWII, French
tried to reassert control of Indochina
• Ho Chi Minh led the independence movement
in the north
• 1954, defeated French forces at Dien Bien Phu
• 1954,Vietnam
was
divided
into
North
(communist) and South (pro-Western); civil war
resulted
• U.S. defeated in attempt to prevent communist
takeover of South Vietnam; Vietnam unified in
1975
The Middle East
• Arab nationalists loosely united by opposition to
colonialism and migration of Jews to Palestine
• Israel and Palestine
– Balfour Declaration in 1917 indicated Britain favored
creation of Jewish “national home” in Palestine—opposed
by Saudi Arabia & Transjordan
– Great Britain announced its withdrawal from Palestine in
1948.
– United Nations voted for creation of two states, one Arab
and one Jewish
– Palestinians vowed to fight on until state of Israel destroyed
or until they established own independent Palestinian state;
led to several wars and numerous conflicts in late 20th
century
The Middle East
• Egypt
• Arab defeat in 1948 by Israel triggered nationalist
revolution in Egypt in 1952.
• 1956, Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser
nationalized the Suez Canal, the last symbol and
substance of Western power in the Middle East.
• France, Britain and Israel attacked Egypt, trying to
take back control of Suez Canal
• U.S. and Soviet Union demanded their withdrawal
and the canal remained in Egypt's control
Middle East
• Algerian Crisis (mid 1950s)
• Algeria’s large French population considered Algeria
an integral part of France.
• This feeling led ensuing war; bitter and atypical of
decolonization.
• General De Gaulle, who had returned to power as part
of movement to keep Algeria French, accepted
principle of Algerian self-determination.
• 1962, after more than a century of French rule,
Algeria became independent and the European
population quickly fled.
• Crisis led to fall of the Fourth Republic and
beginning of the Fifth Republic
Sub-Saharan Africa
Decolonization proceeded much more smoothly
than in northern Africa
·British Commonwealth of Nations: beginning
in 1957, Britain’s colonies achieved
independence with little or no bloodshed;
entered a very loose association with Britain.
· Exception: Mao Mao society were a Kenyan
group of terrorists/freedom fighters who
fought to end English control of Kenya.
Sub-Saharan Africa
• 1958, De Gaulle offered leaders of French black
Africa choice of total break with France or immediate
independence within a kind of French
commonwealth.
· All but one of new states chose association with
France.
· Cultural imperialism continued,
·
France and Common Market partners saw
themselves as continuing their civilizing mission in
black Africa.
· Desired untapped markets for industrial goods, raw
materials, outlets for profitable investment, and good
temporary jobs for their engineers and teachers.