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WWII { Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Allies vs. Axis Powers Italy, Germany and Japan form Axis “Revisionists:” wished to revise post-World War I peace treaties Allies initially follow policy of appeasement War erupts 1939, global by 1941, over 1945 The Second World War Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931-1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing Ariel bombing of urban center 400,000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7,000 women raped 1/3 of all homes destroyed Japan signs Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940), Non-Aggression Pact with USSR (1941) Japan’s War in China Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Benito Mussolini invades Ethiopia with overpowering force 2,000 Italian troops killed, 275,000 Ethiopians killed Also takes Libya, Albania Italian Aggression Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) withdraws from League of Nations Remilitarizes Germany Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Germany Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany meet Allies follow policy of appeasement Hitler promises to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (18691940) promises “peace for our time” Hitler signs secret Russian-German Treaty of NonAggression (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, August 1939) Munich Conference (1938) Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy Air forces soften up target, armored divisions rush in German U-boats (submarines) patrol Atlantic, threaten British shipping Invasion of Poland and France Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”] Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Maginot Line Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. France Surrenders June, 1940 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Winston Churchill In May of 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as the prime minister of Britain. Churchill had earned himself a reputation of speaking out against the policy of appeasement all throughout the 1930’s. Hitler offered a peace negotiation which Churchill refused. In response, Hitler ordered his air force, the Luftwaffe to soften up Britain for invasion. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe “The Blitz” 40,000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids Especially London Royal Air Force prevents Germans from invading The Battle of Britain Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Battle of Britain - 1940 The Battle of Britain is the attempt by the German Luftwaffe to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF), before a planned sea and airborne invasion of Britain during World War II. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941 Hitler double-crosses Stalin and invades USSR Stalin caught off-guard, rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regroup and attack Spring 1942 Turning point: Battle of Stalingrad (ends February 1943) Operation Barbarossa Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Battle of Stalingrad: Winter of 1942-1943 German Army Russian Army 1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men 10,290 artillery guns 13,541 artillery guns 675 tanks 894 tanks 1,216 planes 1,115 planes Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. US initiates “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “lend-lease” program: US lends war goods to Allies, leases naval bases in return US freezes Japanese assets in US US places embargo on oil shipments to Japan Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (1884-1948) plans for war with US US Involvement in WWII before Pearl Harbor Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 A date which will live in infamy! Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Axis Powers in 1942 Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Key factors: personnel reserves, industrial capacity US joining the war turned the tide Shipbuilding, automotive production especially important Defeat of the Axis Powers Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Red Army (USSR) gains offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, US forces attack in North Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and US forces land in France US, Britain bomb German cities Dresden, February 1945: 135,000 Germans killed in shelters 30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide, 8 May Germany surrenders Allied Victory in Europe Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. D-Day (June 6, 1944) Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. US code breaking operation Magic discovers Japanese plans Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) US takes the offensive, engages in island-hopping strategy Iwo Jima and Okinawa Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa Turning the Tide in the Pacific Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. US firebombs Tokyo, March 1945 100,000 killed 25% of buildings destroyed Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945 Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989) surrenders unconditionally September 2, 1945 Japanese Surrender Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Manhattan Project: Los Alamos, NM Major General Lesley R. Groves Dr. Robert Oppenheimer I am become death, the shatterer of worlds! Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hiroshima – August 6, 1945 © 70,000 killed immediately. © 48,000 buildings. destroyed. © 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Nagasaki – August 9, 1945 © 40,000 killed immediately. © 60,000 injured. © 100,000s died of radiation poisoning & cancer later. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Hiroshima after the Bomb Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts Other groups also slated for destruction: Roma (Gypsies), Homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses Nazis initially encouraged Jewish emigration Few countries willing to accept Jewish refugees Aborted plans to deport Jews to Madagascar, reservation in Poland Nazi Genocide and the Jews Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) follow German army into USSR with Operation Barbarossa Round up of Jews and others, machine-gun executions of 1.4 million Later in 1941 decided on “Final Solution:” deportation of all European Jews to Death Camps Plans solidified at Wannsee Conference, January 1942 The Final Solution Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Concentration Camps Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Destination: six specially designed Death Camps in Eastern Europe Technologically advanced, assembly-line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Corpses destroyed in crematoria Estimated number of Jews killed: 5.7 million The Holocaust Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service) US, Great Britain bar women from serving in combat units Soviet, Chinese forces include women fighters Women very active in resistance movements Women and the War Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Women occupy jobs of men away at war Also take on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displace women Yet lasting impact on women’s movement Women’s Roles Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. US, USSR, Great Britain unnatural allies during World War II Tensions submerged until close of war Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt Decided on USSR declaration of war vs. Japan, setting up of International Military Tribunal Free elections for Eastern Europe Stalin arranges pro-communist governments in Eastern European countries 1946: “Iron Curtain” descends Origins of the Cold War Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The “Iron Curtain” { “From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.” Winston Churchill (1946) Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Yalta Conference In February of 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at a Soviet resort called Yalta, which ended in an agreement for the Soviets to enter the war with the allies against Japan. The "Big Three" at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Copyright © 2007Stalin. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Creation of the U. N. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Nuremberg War Trials: Crimes Against Humanity Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Literature Inspired by the War Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Superpowers at the End of WWII United States No cities had been destroyed Economy was very strong Military leader of the world Wanted to create a peaceful world Soviet Union Endured fighting on its soil 20 million casualties in WWII Wanted to protect their country against aggression Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. World divided into free and enslaved states US to support all movements for democracy “containment” of Communism NATO and the Warsaw Pact established Militarization of Cold War The Truman Doctrine (1947) Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Truman Doctrine [1947] 1. Civil War in Greece. 2. Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. { 4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Post-War Germany { Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Berlin Blockade and Airlift—Operation Vittles (1948-1949) { USSR finally gave in and ended the blockade •Lasted for 10 months •British and American planes delivered things every 3 minutes •Delivered 2.3 million tons of supplies including food, coal, newspapers, and toys Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Named for George C. Marshall (1880-1989), US Secretary of State Proposed in 1947, $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe USSR establishes Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 The United Nations formed (1945) to resolve international disputes The Marshall Plan Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Marshall Plan [1948] 1.“European Recovery Program.” 2.Secretary of State, George Marshall 3.The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4.$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected]. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic growth as a result of the Marshall Plan Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1949—China became Communist under Mao Zedong Two wars broke out because of conflict between the Communist north and democratic south 1950s—Korean War 1960s and 1970s—Vietnam War The Cold War Spread Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Arms Race •1949—USSR exploded first atomic bomb, which began the Arms Race { •Both the US and USSR increased their armed forces and weapons supplies •1950s—ICBMs were created •Deterrence was practiced by both sides •They believed that an arsenal of nuclear weapons actually prevented war Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. NATO—North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) { Defensive alliance created by the West that pledged military support United States Luxemburg Belgium Netherlands Britain Norway Canada Portugal Denmark Greece and Turkey (1952) France Iceland West Germany (1955) 28 members today Italy Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Warsaw Pact (1955) { Soviet response to NATO and defensive alliance against the West. Disbanded in 1991. } USSR } East Germany } Albania } Hungary } Bulgaria } Poland } Czechoslovakia } Romania Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sputnik I (1957) { •First human-made space satellite •This meant that the Russians beat America and had the technological edge over the United States Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. 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