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World War II A True World War Mrs. Morris’s Version A Troubled Germany • Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for WW1 and Germany had to pay reparations. – It made one payment in 1921, then claimed it couldn’t afford to make anymore • Since Germany couldn’t pay, France invaded Germany (the Ruhr Valley) to get money from the rich resources there • Germans workers were angry and went on strike • To pay workers, the German gov. printed more and more paper money. – When too much money is printed, it loses it’s value (this is called inflation!) • Germans were very, very poor • The U.S. created a payment plan for Germany (Dawes Plan) and lent Germany money, things got better, but only for a while. What caused the Great Depression? • During 1930’s the world’s industrialized countries were hit by a depression. – Depression—period of low economic activity when many people lose their jobs. • This depression was so bad it became known as The Great Depression – During this time millions lost their jobs in the U.S. • Causes: – U.S. stock market crashed in October of 1929 – Workers weren’t paid high enough wages, and eventually were laid-off – In October panic struck the nation, people tried to get money out of banks, but the banks collapsed The Depression Spreads • American investors were scared and even withdrew their money from European stock markets • This caused the collapse of European banks, too • The worst year of the depression was 1932 – 1 out of 4 Americans/British were out of work. Two out of five Germans were out of work. – People lived in shacks made out of cardboard or tin in some places FDR and the New Deal • President Franklin Delano Roosevelt set up a program known as the New Deal. – To provide people with money to buy food/homes and get them back to work, he had the government set up different agencies to hire people. – The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) gave jobs to younger people (mostly) they planted trees and built facilities in the nation’s parks – The Works Progress Administration (WPA) paid jobless workers to build dams, roads, bridges and hospitals. • 1935-FDR convinces gov. to pass the Social Security Act – This program gives payments (pensions) to citizens 65 and older who are retired. – Also provides unemployment insurance • FDR’s New Deal didn’t fix our economy completely, but it gave American’s hope. Mussolini Takes Power • Italy was the 1st country to become a totalitarian state. – Totalitarian state—leaders try to TOTALLY control the way citizens think and live • Italy also had a huge debt after WW1 and people didn’t have jobs. The country was in discourse. • Benito Mussolini created the fascist party and promised to restore order and fix the problems to make Italy a great nation. – His followers wore black and beat up those that opposed him. • He and his followers marched on Rome, the king declared Mussolini the head of Italian government – He got rid of all other political parties, personal freedoms, and free press The Rise of Adolf Hitler • In the 1930s millions of Germans lost their jobs and businesses were failing. • Large numbers of voters supported a new political leader named Adolf Hitler. – He appealed to the people because he was bitter about the Treaty of Versailles and understood their fears in his speeches. • Hitler was the leader of the National Socialist German Party, also known as the Nazi Party – Hitler and Nazis said Germans were better than other people and Germany deserved to expand its power – They were also Anti-Semites (meaning they hated the Jewish people) and blamed the Jewish people for all of Germany’s problems. • By 1932, the Nazi Party was the largest political party in Germany. • A year later, Hitler was named chancellor (prime minister) of Germany • The government gave all power to Hitler in order to fix Germany, in this way, Hitler became a dictator. – Like Mussolini, once in power, Hitler got rid of all other political parties (except the Nazis) – He took over courts and set up secret police forces – He controlled the press – He created large prisons called concentration camps – Nazis took away Jew’s businesses and jobs. He took away their education as well. – Nazis did not believe in women’s rights either. Stalin Takes Power • Harsh rule also came to Russia. • After a series of strokes, Vladimir Lenin died in 1924, after his death there was a power struggle • By the 1920s Joseph Stalin became the ruler of the Soviet Union Government Plans the Economy • Stalin wanted the Soviet Union to become an industrial power ASAP. • Beginning in 1929, he introduced some of his Five Year Plans – Plans that, in the span of 5 years, would create steel mills, oil refineries, and power plants that were all under government control • Stalin also had the gov. take over all agriculture. – His plans called for collectivization (combining small farms into large, factory-like government run farms) • The Soviet Union became a power by 1939, but many peasants were unhappy and out of jobs – Millions suffered under Stalin because of low wages, long hours, and home shortages. What Problems did Japan Face? • Japan’s government hoped that new factories and markets would make them successful and create jobs for its growing population. • Japan’s industry grew rapidly, and Japanese goods were sold world-wide • Japanese developed large, powerful companies called the zaibatsu. • By the late 1930s they controlled much of the economy. – The owners grew wealthy, but workers were poorly paid and housed – Often there was not enough food to feed all of Japan and food riots would break out. (The Great Depression reached Japan too) Japan Invades Manchuria • Starving and overworked Japanese workers/farmers blamed politicians for their plight. • The leaders of Japan’s military claimed that their problems stemmed from Europe and America. • They wanted Japan to return to its old, warrior-like traditions • As Japan’s trade declined, military leaders declared that Japan needed more land for natural resources. – Without gov. approval, in 1931, Japanese military leaders invaded Manchuria (northeast region of China) – When Japan’s Prime Minister tried to stop the war, the military killed him! • From then on the government of Japan did whatever the military wanted • Japanese military leaders were elected prime ministers and began making plans to grown a Japanese empire…and they weren’t afraid of going to war with other countries Appeasement Fails • One reason Hitler was popular in Germany is he criticized the Treaty of Versailles (remember, it didn’t turn out so well for Germany) • Hitler said it was unfair that it said Germany had to keep its military small • March 1935, Hitler stated that Germany would build a new air force and increase the size of its army. • The Treaty of Versailles also said no German troops could be in Rhineland (A German territory west of the Rhine River that is along the French border) • 1936—Hitler ordered German troops to go into Rhineland… • France did not like this, but would not act unless the British helped them. • The British didn’t want to use force/violence so they tried using appeasement. – Appeasement—idea that if you meet another gov.’s demands you can avoid war. Germany and Italy • Hitler gained a close ally in Italy’s Benito Mussolini. • 1935—Mussolini sent Italian forces to invade Ethiopia • Britain and France didn’t like this either but took no military action against Mussolini • Hitler supported Mussolini in this endeavor Dictators in Spain • Next, the two dictators intervened in Spain • 1936-1939—a civil war divided Spain – Germany and Italy helped a Spanish military leader, General Francisco Franco over throw Spain’s republic • Soon after Germany and Italy formed an official alliance. On to Austria • Next Hitler focused on Austria • He insisted that Austria, a German-speaking country should be a part of Germany. • In March 1938, he sent troops to Austria and took it over. Czech yourself… • Hitler then focused on Austria’s neighbor, Czechoslovakia and demanded that the Czechs give Germany the Sudetenland (an area in western Czechoslovakia where many Germans lived.) • Czech. was ready to fight Germany to keep Sudetenland, but Britain and France convinced them to negotiate. • 1938-European leaders met in Munich, Germany to discuss The Munich Conference • At the conference, Britain and France agreed to give the Sudetenland to Germany. • As a compromise, Hitler promised not to take over any more places (not to expand Germany’s territory further) • The British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, returned home and declared that there would be “peace in our time.” Broken Promises • Hopes for peace were smashed the following year. • March 1939-German forces took over more of western Czech. And set up a new Nazi-friendly state in the eastern part • Hitler then set his sights on Poland and demanded control of Danzig, a German city in Poland. • Britain promised Poland their support if the Germans did invade. Hitler and Stalin Enemies make a Compromise • Summer of 1939, Hitler began preparations to invade Poland. – He was worried about angering Stalin though since Poland bordered the Soviet Union – Although Hitler and Stalin were bitter enemies, they signed a treaty in August 1939 in which they promised not to attack each other, and decided to divide Poland between them. • This agreement gave Hitler the confidence to attack Poland Poland and France Fall • Sept. 1, 1939-Hitler sent his armies into Poland. • Two days later, Britain (keeping its promise to Poland) and its ally France, declared war on Germany. • The German attack on Poland was quick and fierce, in less than a month it was conquered and split between Hitler and Stalin. German Invasion Continues • April 1940- Germans attacked Denmark and Norway. • May 1940- Germany invaded the Netherlands and Belgium – Next, German tanks and troops smashed through French defenses – They began to race across northern France • A few weeks later, on June 22, 1940, France surrendered to Germany. • About this same time, Italy official joined the war, pairing with its ally, Germany. The Battle of Britain • Hitler expected the British to ask for peace after witnessing his conquers of Europe • But, there was a new prime minister for Great Britain, Winston Churchill and he declared to Hitler “We shall never surrender.” • Germany decided to take an air attack approach to conquering Britain, and in August they began an allout, violent effort to destroy Britain's Royal Air Force to clear the way for a land invasion. – These air battles between Germans and Britain, sometimes called “dogfights” were known as The Battle of Britain German and British Fighting Continues • The British Royal Air Force also had a new technology called radar. • Radar stations along the coast detected incoming German airplanes and would direct British fighter planes to stop them. • Oct. 12, 1940, Hitler cancelled his plans to invade Britain • Britain escaped this invasion thanks to only a few hundred brave pilots – Churchill told the British Parliament, “Never…was so much owed by so many to so few.” America Stays Neutral • The United States actually remained neutral during the early years of the war. – In the 1930s, Congress passed several laws making it illegal to help other countries in a war if the U.S. was neutral. • However, President Roosevelt believed that Germany was a real threat to the U.S. – He convinced Congress to approve a “cash-and-carry” policy • This law let Britain buy goods from American businesses as long as they paid cash and used their own ships for shipping – The next year, FDR convinced congress to pass the LeaseLend Act • This law allowed America to lend weapons to Britain • FDR also ordered the American navy to protect the British ships from German submarines when they were close to U.S. waters Hitler Invades the Soviet Union • Unable to defeat the British, Hitler decided that Germany needed the resources of the Soviet Union. • He also believed that the Soviet’s vast land area could provide more “living space” for Germans • June 1941-Germany attacked the Soviet Union – They destroyed most of the Soviet Union’s air force, disabled thousands of tanks, and capture half a million Soviet soldiers Stalin’s Response • As the German’s advanced, Stalin ordered a scorched-earth policy. – Soviet troops, and even civilians, burned cities, destroyed their own crops, and blew up dams that produced electric power. • These actions made it harder for the Germans to supply their troops and move forward • Then the rainy season began, turning roads to mud and trapping German wagons and trucks, next the harsh Russian winter set in… • The German army was NOT prepared for the harsh winter and suffered great losses (History repeated itself! Think of Napoleon!) • Despite the losses, the remaining German troops did reach the outskirts of Moscow on December 2, 1941, but that was as far as they got. • The Soviets refused to surrender and the Germans were unable to get into the city. Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor • The Japanese were launching new attacks in East Asia while Hitler and Mussolini were waging war in Europe. – After conquering Manchuria, they attempted to conquer the rest of China and even took the capital city of Nanjing, but the Chinese emperor moved the government and refused to surrender. • Since they couldn’t take China, the Japanese moved to Southeast Asia and conquered the French colony of Indochina (this was after Hitler conquered France in 1940) • They also planned to take over the Dutch East Indies, British Malaya, and the AMERICAN territory of the Philippines • FDR wanted Britain to defeat Germany, and was worried that Britain would also be drawn into fighting Japan if they attacked their colony. • So, FDR tried to stop Japan by using economic pressure. – When Japan invaded Indochina, FDR prevented the Japanese from withdrawing any money they had in American banks. – He also stopped selling them supplies like oil, gasoline, and other natural resources. • This made Japan angry with America. • Japan decided to declare war on the United States. • On December 7th, 1941 Japanese warplanes carried out a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. – Some of these pilots were kamikazes. • Kamikaze- pilot who uses suicidal plane crash to inflict damage on the enemy – – – – The attack destroyed many battleships and planes. More than 2,300 soldiers, sailors, and civilians were killed. The next day, FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan. He called December 7th “a date which will live in infamy.” • Congress quickly declared war on Japan. • 3 days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. The Great Struggle • • • • The were two alliances throughout the course of WW2 The Allies: U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviet Union Axis powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan Two main battle fronts: Europe and the Pacific Ocean – Required outstanding political and military leaders, hundreds of thousands of troops, and civilians working hard at home. • Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon/symbol for women working in men’s positions during WW2 The Great Struggle • • • • The were two alliances throughout the course of WW2 The Allies: U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviet Union Axis powers: Germany, Italy, and Japan Two main battle fronts: Europe and the Pacific Ocean – Required outstanding political and military leaders, hundreds of thousands of troops, and civilians working hard at home. • Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon/symbol for women working in men’s positions during WW2 Stopping Japan’s Advance • Mid-1942: Japanese had driven Americans out of the Philippines and seized many island nations in the Pacific. • U.S. set out to stop Japan’s advance • U.S. commander of the Pacific was Douglas MacArthur who used the Island-Hopping strategy – Island-hopping: called for attacking certain key islands, then using those island to jump forward to others, moving closer and closer to Japan. Meanwhile Elsewhere… • The war raged on, mainly in Europe, but also in the Soviet Union and parts of Africa – British forces defeated the Germans at Egypt, U.S. and British forces drove the Germans out of Africa in May 1942. • The Allies then focused on southern Europe. – They took the Italian island of Sicily and landed on Italy’s mainland in Sept. 1943. – U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower directed the overall Italian invasion. • U.S. general George Patton and British general Bernard Montgomery actually led the troops Italy Falls • As the Allies advanced into Italy, the Italians overthrew Mussolini and surrendered. • Germans forces in Italy fought onward but failed to stop the Allies • In June 1944, the Allies took Rome, Italy’s capital and Italy surrendered. • The Allies’ leaders (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) met in Tehran (the capital city of Iran) for the Tehran Conference to decide what to do once they defeated Hitler. – They decided to divide up Germany. – Stalin agreed to help the U.S. fight Japan and to join an international organization for keeping peace after the war ended. The Holocaust • During WW2, the Nazis began a program of genocide – Genocide: the killing of an entire group of people • Hitler wanted to destroy all Europe’s Jews. • As many as 6 million Jews were killed in what has become known as the Holocaust. – Holocaust is a word of Greek origin meaning "sacrifice by fire." – Millions of others, including Slavs and Roma (Gypsies) were also ruthlessly killed. Kristallnacht • On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, the Nazis burned synagogues, destroyed Jewish shops, and killed many Jews. • About 30,000 Jewish men were sent to concentration camps. – Concentration camp: place where large numbers of people, like political prisoners or persecuted minorities, are imprisoned in a relatively small area with inadequate facilities, sometimes to provide forced labor or to await mass execution • This event became known as Kristallnacht (“the night of shattered glass”) because of the Jewish shop windows broken by the Nazis. Extermination • The Nazis began the mass killings of Jews when the German army invaded the Soviet Union (1941) – Special Nazi forces even accompanied the German army to invade the Soviet Union to capture or shoot any Jews they encountered. They dumped them in mass graves • Jan. 1942-German leaders agreed on what they called “The Final Solution” (extermination of the Jews) • Nazis rounded up millions of Jews and other innocent people in the areas they conquered, these prisoners traveled to death camps crammed in trains. – Once at camp they were killed by the gas chambers, starvation, abuse, or even Nazi experimentation. Concentration Camps • Auschwitz-Birkenau • Bergen-Belsen • Chelmno The World Sees • As Allied forces moved into Nazi-held areas, they saw first hand the unspeakable horrors of the death camps. • People around the world were stunned by the Nazi’s brutality. The Allies Win • By 1944 the Germans and Japanese were retreating across Europe and the Pacific. • No longer on the defense, the Allies were preparing to invade Germany and Japan. • See printed notes! D-Day • Allied forces under General Eisenhower had been prepping for the invasion of France (remember, Germany conquered France…) • On June 6th, 1944, or D-Day (the day of the invasions), ships carried troops and equipment across the English Channel to the French area of Normandy. • Allied soldiers stormed the beaches of Normandy as battleships shot at the Germans. • After gaining Normandy, the Allies launched an attack on the Germans. • Gen. Patton raced across northern France in his tanks, while Gen. Montgomery advanced into Belgium. – At the same time the people of Paris revolted against the Germans. – August 25, Allied troops reach Paris and the Germans flee Final Battles in Europe • Dec. 16th, 1944-Germans counter-attack, the pushed back the Allies’ lines, creating a bulge. Fighting continued for weeks, the Americans won, and continued into Germany. This became known as the Battle of the Bulge. • By late 1944, Soviets had driven the Germans from the Soviet Union and across Poland. • By Feb. 1945, Soviet troops were just outside Berlin. • April 30, 1945-Hitler committed suicide • May 7, 1945- Germany surrenders The Atomic Bomb • 1941- a team of American engineers and scientists began researching and experimenting, and creating the Atomic Bomb • They carried on their research at a secret lab in Los Alamos, NM. Their project was called the Manhattan Project. • July 16, 1945-first atomic bomb goes off in a deserted area of NM. Why use the A-bomb? • Oct. 1944-General MacArthur invades and captures back the Philippines; his troops continued islandhopping and came within reach of Japan in 1945. • March 1945-American bombers drop firebombs on Japan’s cities. Fires killed more than 80,000 and destroyed 250,000 buildings, still the Japanese wouldn’t surrender. • April 1945-FDR dies and Harry S. Truman becomes president. – He faced a problem: should he risk American lives by invading Japan or use the new A-bomb to end the war? • Truman’s advisors couldn’t reach an agreement on if they should use the bomb. – Admiral William Leahy opposed it because it would kill thousands, and suggested stronger economic blocking and regular bombings. – Secretary of War, Henry Stimson, wanted to warn the Japanese about the bomb, and let them keep their emperor if they surrendered. • Truman followed neither course. He threatened Japan with “prompt and utter destruction” if they didn’t surrender. • The Japanese never replied to Truman… The Bombs Drop • Aug. 6, 1945-a plane named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. – Between 80,000 and 120,000 were killed instantly. Thousands more died slowly from burns and radiation sickness • Aug. 9, 1945-Americans dropped another atomic bomb, this time on Nagasaki, Japan – It killed between 35,000 and 74,000 people • Aug. 15, 1945-Japan surrenders Rebuilding the World • About 55 MILLION people died in WW2 – – – – – 22 million Soviets 8 million Germans 2 million Japanese 300,000 Americans The millions killed in the Holocaust • Allies started org. to keep the peace (before the war even ended) called the United Nations to keep world peace – The UN chose members for The Security Council who would look for international problems and propose solutions. • It had 5 permanent members: U.S., USSR (Soviet Union),Britain, France, and China • Nuremberg Trials-after the war, the Allies tried Nazi leaders in Nuremberg, Germany for “pursuing aggressive war” and “crimes against humanity.” – Similar trials happened in Japan. • The world wanted to stand together to ensure that the horrible events of WW2 and the Holocaust would never be repeated. The Allies Churchill, FDR, Stalin The Axis Powers Mussolini, Tojo, Hitler