Download Postwar Social Changes

Chapter 28: The Rise of Totalitarianism:
Postwar Social Changes
Section 1: The Roaring 20s
 In the 1920s, many
radios turned into the
new sounds of jazz.
 African American
musicians combined
Western harmonies with
African rhythms to create
jazz.
 While Europe recovered
from the war, the US
experienced a boom
time.
Women’s Lives
 One symbol of the rebellious
Jazz Age youth was the
liberated young women called
the flapper. Flappers were a
small minority.
 Most women saw little
progress in the postwar
period. During the war,
women held a wide range of
jobs—but most lost these jobs
when the war ended.
 In this new age of
emancipation-freedom from
restrictions—women pursued
careers in many areas; from
sports to the arts.
Reactions to The Jazz Age
 Not everyone approved of the
lifestyle of the Jazz Age. For
example, many Americans
supported Prohibition-or
the ban on the manufacture
and sale of alcoholic
beverages.
 Prohibition was meant to
keep people from the negative
effects of drinking. Instead, it
caused an explosion of
organized crime and
speakeasies-of illegal bars.
The prohibition amendment
was ratified in 1919, but
repealed in 1933.
 Prohibition movement
Historiography
WITH YOUR PARTNER NEXT TO YOU:
•H O W H A S W E S T E R N S O C I E T Y C H A N G E D
AFTER WORLD WAR I?
•W H A T W E R E S O M E L I T E R A R Y A N D A R T I S T I C
TRENDS THAT EMERGED IN THE 1920S?
Section 2: Postwar Foreign Policy
Arguing Allies
 France’s chief concern after
the war was securing its
borders against Germany. To
prevent another invasion
from Germany, France built
massive fortifications called
the Maginot Line along its
border with Germany.
 France insisted on the strict
enforcement of the Versailles
treaty and complete payment
of reparations.
 British leaders wanted to
relax the treaty’s harsh
treatment of Germany.
The Search for Peace
 Despite disagreements, many
people worked for peace in the
1920s.
 The Kellogg-Briand Pact,
which was sponsored by the
United States in 1928, promised
to “renounce war as an
instrument of national policy”.
 The great powers pursued
disarmament, the reduction
of armed forces and weapons.
The United States, Britain,
France, Japan, and other
nations signed treaties to reduce
the size of their navies. They
failed to agree on limiting the
size of their armies.
Historiography
WITH YOUR PARTNER NEXT TO YOU:
•H O W D I D T H E W A R A N D I T S P E A C E
TREATIES AFFECT GERMANY? THE
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY?
The Great Depression
The Great Depression
Falling Demand and
overproduction
Crash and Collapse
 The wealth created during the 1920s
 A crisis in finance-the
in the United States was not shared
evenly. Farmers and unskilled
workers were on the losing end.
 Demand for raw materials and
agricultural products skyrocketed
during the war; demand and price
fell after the war. Because people
earned less, they bought less.
However, better technology allowed
factories to make more products
faster. This led to
overproduction, a condition in
which the production of goods
exceeds the demand for them.
management of money matters,
loans, investment, banking-was
brewing.
 Prices on the New York Stock
Exchange were at an all-time high.
To slow the run on the stock market,
the Federal Reserve, the central
banking system of the United
States, raised the interest rates in
1928 and again in 1929. It didn’t
work. The higher interest rates
made people nervous about
borrowing money and investing,
thereby hurting demand. video
The Great Depression
Historiography
CLASS QUESTION:
DOES THIS COMPARE TO THE RECESSION OF
2008?
Roosevelt offers the New Deal
 In 1932, Americans elected
Franklin D. Roosevelt—FDR
argued that the government had
to take an active role in
combating the Great
Depression.
 He introduced the New Deal, a
massive package of economic
and social programs.
 Under the New Deal, the federal
government became more
directly involved in people’s
everyday lives. New laws
regulated the stock market.
 The New Deal failed to end the
Great Depression, although it
did ease the suffering for many.
Loss of Faith in Democracy
 As the Depression wore on,
many people lost faith in
the ability of democratic
governments to solve the
problems of the modern
world.
 Postwar disillusionment,
soothed by the few good
years of the 1920s, turned
into despair in Europe.
 Misery and hopelessness
created fertile ground for
extremists who promised
radical solutions.
Section 5: Hitler and the Rise of Nazi Germany
The Weimer Republic’s Rise and Fall
 As World War I drew to a
close, Germany tottered on
the brink of chaos.
 Moderate leaders signed
the armistice and later,
under protest, the
Versailles treaty.
 The republic faced severe
problems from the start.
Politically, it was weak
because Germany had
small parties. The
chancellor had to form
coalitions that easily fell
apart.
The Weimer Republic
Runaway Inflation
Recovery and Collapse
 Economic disaster fed
 With help from the Western powers,
unrest. In 1923, Germany
fell behind in reparation
payments.
 Inflation soon spiraled
out of control, spreading
misery and despair—
many middle class
families saw their savings
wiped out.
the government did bring inflation
under control.
 In 1924, the United States gained
British and French approval for a
plan to reduce German reparations
payments. The German economy
began to recover, but the Great
Depression hit, reviving miseries of
1923.
 The Germans turned to an energetic
leader, Adolf Hitler, who promised to
solve the economic crisis and restore
Germany’s former greatness. Show
Hitler video
Historiography
CLASS QUESTION:
HOW DID THE RECENT VIDEO REPRESENT
NATIONALISM AND PROPAGANDA?
Nazi Party’s Rise to Power
Hitler’s Manifesto
 In 1923, Hitler made a failed
attempt to seize power in
Munich. He was arrested and
found Guilty of treason.
 While in prison, Hitler wrote
Mein Kampf(“My Struggle”).
Mein Kampf reflected Hitler’s
obsessions—extreme
nationalism, racism, and antiSemitism. Germans, he said,
belonged to a superior “master
race” of Aryans, or light-skinned
Europeans, whose greatest
enemies were the Jews.
 In his recipe for revival, Hitler
urged Germans everywhere to
unite into one great nation.
 Triumph Of the Will
The Third Reich Controls Germany
The Third Reich Controls Germany
 Once in power, Hitler and the
Nazis moved to build a new
Germany. Hitler appealed to
nationalism by recalling past
glories. Germany’s First
Reich, or empire, was the
medieval Holy Roman
Empire.
 The Second Reich was the
empire forged by Bismarck in
1871.
 Under Hitler’s new Third
Reich, he boasted, the
German master race would
dominate Europe for a
thousand years.
The Campaign against the Jews
 In his fanatical anti-Semitism,
Hitler set out to drive Jews from
Germany. In 1935, the Nazis
passed the Nuremberg Laws,
which deprived Jews of German
citizenship and placed severe
restrictions on them. They were
prohibited from marrying nonJews, attending or teaching at
German schools or universities,
holding government jobs,
practicing law or medicine, or
publishing books.
 Nazis beat and robbed Jews and
roused mobs to do the same.
Many Germans fled, seeking
refuge in other countries.
Nazi Youth
 To build for the future, the
Nazis indoctrinated young
people with their ideology. In
passionate speeches, Nazis
spread the message of racism.
He urged young Germans to
destroy their enemies without
mercy.
 On hikes and in camps, the
“Hitler Youth” pledged
absolute loyalty to Germany
and undertook physical
fitness programs to prepare
for war. School courses and
textbooks were rewritten to
reflect Nazi racial views.
Historiography
WITH YOUR PARTNER NEXT TO YOU:
WHY DO YOU THINK THE WEST WANTED TO
STAY OUT OF CONFLICT WITH HITLER AND
NAZI GERMANY?
Chapter 29: World War II and Its Aftermath:
From Appeasement to War
Section 1:From Appeasement to War
 After the horrors of World
War I, Western
democracies tried to
preserve peace during the
1930s while ignoring signs
that the rulers of Germany,
Italy, and Japan were
preparing to build new
empires.
 Hitler, and the leaders of
Japan viewed the desire for
peace as weakness and
responded with new acts of
aggression.
Hitler goes against the Treaty of Versailles
 Hitler had tested the will of the
Western democracies and found it
weak. First, he built up the German
military in defiance of the treaty
that had ended World War I.
 Then, in 1936, he sent troops into
the “demilitarized” Rhineland
bordering France—another treaty
violation.
 Germans hated the Versailles
treaty, and Hitler’s successful
challenge made him more popular
at home.
 The Western democracies
denounced his moves but took no
real action. Instead, they adopted a
policy of appeasement, or giving
in to the demands of an aggressor
in order to keep the peace.
Keeping the Peace
 The Western policy of
appeasement developed for a
number of reasons. France was
demoralized, suffering from
divisions at home. It could not take
on Hitler without British support.
 The British had no desire to
confront the German dictator.
Some even thought that Hitler’s
actions constituted a justifiable
response to the terms of the Treaty
of Versailles, which was too harsh
on Germany.
 The Great Depression sapped the
energies of the Western
democracies. Finally, widespread
pacifism, or opposition to all war,
and disgust with the destruction
from the previous war pushed
many governments to seek peace.
Europe Plunges Toward War
Nazi-Soviet Pact
 In August 1939, Hitler stunned
the world by announcing a
nonaggression pact with his great
enemy—Joseph Stalin, the Soviet
dictator.
 Publicly, the Nazi-Soviet Pact
bound Hitler and Stalin to
peaceful relations. Secretly, the
two agreed not to fight if the
other went to war and to divide
up Poland and other parts of
Eastern Europe between them.
 The pact was based not on
friendship or respect but on
mutual need. Hitler feared
communism as Stalin feared
fascism.
Final Exam
 Take Home Final Exam
 Three Sections:
-Concept Analysis
-Concept Interpretation
-Essay
Historiography
CLASS QUESTION:
WHY WOULD NAZI GERMANY WANT TO SIGN
A TREATY WITH THE SOVIET UNION?
Invasion of Poland
 On September 1, 1939, a
week after the Nazi-Soviet
Pact, German forces
invaded Poland. Two days
later, Britain and France
declared war on Germany.
World War II had begun.
 The devastation of World
War I and the awareness of
the destructive power of
modern technology made
the idea of more fighting
unbearable.
Section 2: Life under Nazi and Japanese
Occupation
Nazi and Japanese Occupation
Hitler’s “New Order”
The Nazis commit
Genocide
 While Nazi forces rampaged
 During the 1930s, the Nazis had sent
across Europe, the Japanese
military conquered an Empire in
Asia and the Pacific. Each set out
to build a “new order” in the
occupied lands.
 Hitler’s “new order” grew out of
his racial obsessions. As his
forces conquered most of Europe,
Hitler set up governments that
were peopled by Aryans, or lightskinned Europeans, whom Hitler
and his followers believed to be a
“master race”
thousands of Jewish people and
political opponents to
concentration camps, detention
centers for civilians considered
enemies of the state.
 Over the course of the war, the Nazis
forced these people, along with
millions of Polish and Soviet Slavs
and people from other parts of
Europe, to work as slave laborers.
Prisoners were poorly fed and often
worked to death.
 The Nazis had massacred some six
million Jews in the Holocaust;
nearly six million others were killed
as well. Video of Holocaust
Japan’s Brutal Conquest
 Japanese forces took control
across Asia and the Pacific.
Their self-proclaimed mission
was to help Asians escape
Western colonial rule.
 The Japanese invaders
treated the Chinese, Filipinos,
Malaysians, and other
conquered people with great
brutality, killing and torturing
civilians throughout East and
Southeast Asia.
 In the Philippines, Indochina,
and elsewhere, nationalist
groups waged guerilla warfare
against the Japanese
invaders.
Japan attacks in the United States
American Involvement
Grows
Japan and the United
States face off
 When the war began in 1939, the
 In 1940, Japan
United States declared its
neutrality. Still, although
isolationist feeling remained
strong, many Americans
sympathized with those who
battled the Axis powers.
 In March 1941, FDR persuaded
Congress to pass the LendLease Act. It allowed him to sell
or lend war materials to “any
country whose defense the
President deems vital to the
defense of the United States.”
advanced into French
Indochina and the
Dutch East Indies. In
response, the United
States banned the sale
of war materials, such
as iron, steel, and oil.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
 With talks at a standstill,
General Tojo ordered a
surprise attack. On December
7, 1941, Japanese airplanes
bombed the American fleet at
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.
 The attack took the lives of
about 2,400 people and
destroyed battleships and
aircraft. The next day,
President Roosevelt asked
Congress to declare war on
Japan.
 On December 11, Germany
and Italy, as Japan’s allies,
declared war on the United
States.
Historiography
WITH YOUR PARTNER NEXT TO YOU:
WHY DID JAPANESE LEADERS VIEW THE
UNITED STATES AS AN ENEMY?
Section 3: The Allies Turn the Tide
All out “Total War”
 To defeat the Axis war machine,
the Allies had to commit
themselves to total war. Total
war means nations devote all of
their resources to the war effort.
 To achieve maximum war
production, democratic
governments in the United
States and Great Britain
increased their political power.
 They directed economic
resources into the war effort,
ordering factories to stop
making cars or refrigerators and
to turn out airplanes or tanks
instead.
 Propaganda
Government Increase Power
 Governments implemented
programs to ration or control the
amount of food and other vital
goods consumers could buy.
 They raised money by holding
war bond drives, in which
citizens lent their government
certain sums of money that
would be returned with interest
later.
 Prices and wages were regulated.
 The increase in production ended
the unemployment of the
depression era. Video of
production the war brought
Women help with the War
 As men joined the military,
millions of women around
the world replaced them in
essential war industry jobs.
Women, symbolized by by
the character “Rosie the
Riveter” in the United
States, built ships and
planes and produced
munitions. Video of
women working during
the war
Historiography
WITH YOUR PARTNER NEXT TO YOU:
HOW DID THE UNITED STATES MOBILIZE FOR
THE WAR?
HOW DID THE ALLIES MOBILIZE ALL OF THEIR
RESOURCES FOR THE WAR EFFORT?
Germans Defeated at Stalingrad
 A major turning point occurred
in the Soviet Union. After their
lightning advance in 1941, the
Germans were stalled outside
Moscow and Leningrad. In 1942,
Hitler launched a new offensive.
 This time, he aimed for the rich
oil fields of the south.
 The Battle began when the
Germans surrounded the city. As
winter closed in, a struggle raged.
In November, the Soviets
encircled their attackers.
Trapped, without food or
ammunition and with no hope of
rescue, the German commander
surrendered in January 1943.
The Allies push toward Germany
 By 1944, the Western
Allies were ready to open
a second front in Europe
by invading France.
 To prepare the way for
the invasion, Allied
bombers flew constant
missions over Germany.
 They targeted factories
and destroyed aircrafts,
bombed railroads and
bridges in France.
D-Day
 On June 6, 1944—known
as D-Day—for the
invasion of France. Just
before midnight on June
5, Allied planes dropped
paratroopers behind
enemy lines.
 At dawn, thousands of
ships ferried 156,000
Allied troops across the
English Channel.
Nazi’s Defeated
 By March 1945, the Allies had
crossed the Rhine into
western Germany. From the
east, Soviet troops closed in
on Berlin.
 As Soviet troops fought their
way into Berlin, Hitler
committed suicide in his
underground bunker. On May
7, Germany surrendered.
 Officially, the war in Europe
ended the next day. May 8,
1945, which was proclaimed
V-E Day(Victory in Europe).
 After just 12 years, Hitler’s
“thousand-year Reich” was in
ruins.
Defeat for Japan
 With war won in Europe, the
Allies poured their resources into
defeating Japan. By mid-1945,
most of the Japanese navy and
air force had been destroyed.
 Beginning in 1944, some young
Japanese men chose to become
Kamikaze pilots who undertook
suicide missions, crashing their
plane into American warships.
 On August 6, 1945, an American
plane dropped an atomic bomb
over the city of Hiroshima.
 The bomb flattened four square
miles and instantly killed more
than 70,000 people.
Utter Devastation
 On August 8, the Soviet
Union declared war on
Japan and invaded
Manchuria. The next day,
the United States dropped
a second atomic bomb in
Nagasaki. More than
40,000 people were killed
in the second explosion.
 On August 10, Emperor
Hirochito intervened, and
forced the government to
surrender. On September,
1945, the formal peace
treaty was signed.