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Gibraltar Steven Dutch University of Wisconsin – Green Bay Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar View of Gibraltar Gibraltar • • • • May have been inhabited 100,000 years ago 20,000 years ago: The Last Neanderthals? One of the two pillars of Hercules No strategic significance in ancient times – No water, wood, arable land, safe anchorage • Tariq ibn Zayid lands nearby in 711 – Jebel al-Tariq Gibraltar Gibraltar • Spain recaptures Gibraltar 1462 • Dutch fleet destroys Spanish fleet 1607 • Philip II dies childless in 1700 – Two rival claimants: French and Austrian – War of the Spanish Succession – Britain takes Gibraltar, 1704 • British Gibraltar – Base against pirates – Bargaining chip First Known View, 1567 British Gibraltar • Spain did not like losing Gibraltar (and still not happy about it) • Numerous attempts to recapture • Great Siege 1779-1782 – Siege ends when Britain returns Florida and Minorca to Spain – You didn’t even know Britain owned Florida, did you? • Crimean War (1854-56) and Suez Canal (1867) finally make strategic value obvious Gibraltar in World War II • • • • • 1939: Airfield Constructed 1940: Most civilians evacuated 1940: Vichy French air raids 1940-43: Italian air and frogman raids Sabotage by Spanish Agents Working for Germany • 1940-41: Operation Felix – German plan to capture Gibraltar – Spanish refuse to cooperate Gibraltar in World War II • 1941-42: Operation Tracer – Stay-behind team in case of German capture • 1942: North African campaign – Eisenhower uses Gibraltar as HQ – 30 miles of tunnels dug, housed 30,000 troops – Gibraltar has more tunnel than road • After 1943, Gibraltar became a Rear Supply Base View From the Top The Moorish Castle Waterfall on Gibraltar Waterfall on Gibraltar The Real Owners of Gibraltar Riddled With Caves St. Michael’s Cavern Great Siege Tunnels WWII Tunnel How Did Gibraltar Come to Be? The Mediterranean, 200 m.y. The Mediterranean, 195 m.y. The Mediterranean, 175 m.y. The Mediterranean, 165 m.y. The Mediterranean, 148 m.y. The Mediterranean, 123 m.y. The Mediterranean, 110 m.y. The Mediterranean, 80 m.y. The Mediterranean, 63 m.y. The Mediterranean, 53 m.y. 20 Million Years Ago 15 Million Years Ago 6 Million Years Ago Filling the Mediterranean National Geographic, January, 1973
