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Artificial Intelligence ( AI )
Ahmed Ismail
AIT 600
Spring 08
What is the Artificial Intelligence?
What’s involved in Intelligence?
Levels of Intelligence
Goals in ( AI )
Brief History of ( AI )
( AI ) Research approach
Examples of AI
What is the Artificial Intelligence?
A.I. is the study of how to make
computers do things at which, at the
moment, people are better. AI is both
the intelligence of machines and the
branch of computer science which
aims to create it.
Actuator
Sensor
What’s involved in Intelligence?
Ability to interact with the world
(speech, vision, motion, manipulation)
Ability to model the world and to
reason about it
Ability to learn and to adapt
AI Goals
To build systems that exhibit intelligent
behavior
To understand intelligence in order to
model it
Why AI ?
to use the power of computers to augment human
thinking.
to use a computer's artificial intelligence to understand
how humans think.
A Brief History of AI
1943
• McCulloch and Pitts propose a model of artificial
neurons
1956
• The Dartmouth Conference and Agreement to
name this new field of study: Artificial Intelligence
1956-1969
• Lots of work on neural networks
1969-1979
• Birth of expert systems
1980-1988
• R1 becomes first successful commercial expert
system
1990s
• Increases in computational power (computers are
cheaper, faster, and have tons more memory than
they used to)
Computer Chess
2/96: Kasparov vs Deep Blue
Kasparov victorious: 3 wins, 2 draws, 1 loss
3/97: Kasparov vs Deeper Blue
First match won against world champion
512 processors: 200 million chess positions per second
Computer
science
Linguistics
Philosophy
AI
Psychology
Mathematics
Biology
Reflex
Weak AI
Context aware
Levels of
Intelligence
Goal seeking
Strong AI
Learning
AI Research
Approaches
Performance oriented
Simulation oriented
 Researcher tries to maximize
the performance of the agents.
 Researcher tries to understand
how the agents produce
responses
 Just do it.
 Computer scientists approach
 Wait, let me figure what’s
going on first
 Psychologists approach
Computer Chess
2/96: Kasparov vs Deep Blue
Kasparov victorious: 3 wins, 2 draws, 1 loss
3/97: Kasparov vs Deeper Blue
First match won against world champion
512 processors: 200 million chess positions per second
Robotics – Hopkins Beast
1964 Two versions of the Hopkins beast, which used sonar to guide
it in the halls. Its goal was to find power outlets.
http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/book97/index.htm
Robotics – Stanford cart
•1971- Stanford cart. Remote
controlled by person or
computer.
•1971- follow the white line
•1975- drive in a straight line
by tracking skyline
•1979- get through obstacle
courses. Cross 30 meters in
five hours, getting lost one
time out of four
http://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/book97/ch2/index.html
Phil, the drug robot, introduced in 2003
Moving Around and Picking Things Up
Robot Evolution
http://cosmos.bcst.yahoo.com/up/player/popup/ind
ex.php?cl=7318200
Questions?
http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-roboticsgroup/kismet/kismet.html
Thank you