Download Expert systems

Specialized Business
Information Systems
Chapter 11
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.1
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of
systems that can replicate human decision making for certain
types of well-defined problems.
– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of
developing artificial intelligence systems.
– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the
performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of
these characteristics.
– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and
provide one example of each type of system.
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.2
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the
level of an expert but must be developed and maintained
very carefully.
– List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems.
– Identify at least three factors to consider in evaluating the
development of an expert system.
– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert
system.
– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.3
Principles and Learning Objectives
• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the
interface between people and information technology by
offering new ways to communicate information creatively.
– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of
virtual reality applications.
• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and
individuals achieve their goals.
– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational
and individual use.
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.4
An Overview of Artificial
Intelligence
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.5
The Nature of Intelligence
• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge
• Handle complex situations
• Solve problems when important information is
missing
• Determine what is important
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.6
The Nature of Intelligence
•
•
•
•
•
React quickly & correctly to new situations
Understand visual images
Process & manipulate symbols
Be creative & imaginative
Use heuristics
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.7
The Difference Between Natural and
Artificial Intelligence
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.8
The Major Branches of Artificial
Intelligence
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.9
An Overview of Expert
Systems
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.10
Characteristics of an Expert System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
Can display “intelligent” behavior
Can draw conclusions from complex relationships
Can provide portable knowledge
Can deal with uncertainty
Not widely used or tested
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.11
Characteristics of an Expert System
•
•
•
•
•
•
Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge
Possibility of error
Cannot refine its own knowledge
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.12
Capabilities of an Expert Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Strategic goal setting
Planning
Design
Decision-making
Quality control and monitoring
Diagnosis
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.13
Capabilities of Expert Systems
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.14
When to Use Expert Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
High payoff
Preserve scarce expertise
Distribute expertise
Provide more consistency than humans
Faster solutions than humans
Training expertise
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.15
Components of an Expert System
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.16
Knowledge Base
•
•
•
•
Assembling human experts
The use of fuzzy logic
The use of rules
The use of cases
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.17
Knowledge Base
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.18
Inference Engine
• Backward chaining
• Forward chaining
• Comparison of backward and forward
chaining
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.19
The Use of Rules
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.20
The Knowledge Acquisition Facility
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.21
Components of an Expert System
• The explanation facility
• The knowledge acquisition facility
• The user interface
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.22
Expert Systems Development
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.23
Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
• Domain expert
• Knowledge engineer
• Knowledge user
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.24
Participants in Developing and Using
Expert Systems
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.25
Domain Experts
•
•
•
•
•
•
Recognize the real problem
Develop a general framework for problem solving
Formulate theories about the situation
Develop and use general rules to solve a problem
Know when to break the rules or general principles
Solve problems quickly and efficiently
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.26
Expert Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.27
Expert Systems Development Tools and
Techniques
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.28
Expert Systems Development
Alternatives
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.29
Applications of Expert Systems and
Artificial Intelligence
•
•
•
•
Credit granting and loan analysis
Stock picking
Catching cheats and terrorists
Budgeting
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.30
Applications of Expert System and
Artificial Intelligence
•
•
•
•
Information management and retrieval
Games
Virus detection
Hospitals and medical facilities
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.31
Virtual Reality
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.32
Virtual Reality
• Enables one or more users to move and react in a
computer-simulated environment
• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully
immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is
completely generated by a computer
• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to
move and react in a computer-simulated environment
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.33
Segway
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.34
Interface Devices
•
•
•
•
Head-mounted display (HMD)
Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)
CAVE
Haptic interface
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.35
Forms of Virtual Reality
• Mouse-controlled navigation
• Stereo projection systems
• Stereo viewing from the monitor via stereo
glasses
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.36
Useful Applications
• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to
physical therapists
• Education and training – used by military for
aircraft maintenance
• Entertainment
– Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.37
Useful Applications
• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism
– Used to increase real estate sales
– Virtual reality tour of the White House
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.38
Other Specialized Systems
• Segway Personal Transporter
• Adaptive brain interface technology
• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.39
Summary
• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to
mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain
• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience
• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested
decisions) and display intelligent behavior
• Virtual reality systems - enables one or more users to move and
react in a computer-simulated environment
• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in
new and exciting ways. For example, Segway
Kozeta Sevrani - Sistemet e Informacionit
11.40