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EE562 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR ENGINEERS University of Washington, Department of Electrical Engineering Spring 2005 Instructor: Professor Jeff A. Bilmes EE562 • General Introduction to AI for Engineers – • • • Lecturer: Prof. Jeff A. Bilmes <[email protected]> TA: Winyu Chinthammit <[email protected]> Course home page: http://sssli.ee.washington.edu/courses/ee562 – – • • • Can get extra copies of syllabus, problem sets and labs, announcements, copies of the slides we’ll be using, and other class information. Bookmark this page for this quarter. Prerequisites: basic programming, algorithms and data structures, and basic logic and probability (or permission of instructor, if you are unsure ask me after class). Textbook: S. Russell and P. Norvig Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach Prentice Hall, 2003, Second Edition – • what does “for Engineers” mean? We will emphasize practical aspects of AI techniques, and how to use them for real world problems and system building. excellent text, the standard in the field. Homework: There will be 3-4 homeworks assigned for the quarter. They will be combination of standard work problems but will also involve significant programming assignments. They will be due roughly 2 weeks after assigned (but don’t start late!!) Exams: There will be both a midterm (May 2nd, 1.5 hours) and a Final (June 8th, 2 hours) EE562 • Grading: 33% homework, 33% midterm, and 33% final. • S/NS: Must do all problem sets (need not do midterm/final). • • Class participation is also counted (attendance, asking and answering questions). • Last day of class: June 1st, 2005 • Holiday: May 30th, Veterans day. • Final Exam: Wed, June 8th, 2:30-4:30. • Reading This Week: AIMA: Chapters 1 and 2. Course overview • • • • • 10 weeks, 19 1.5 hour lectures. Introduction and Agents (chapters 1,2) Search, CSP, Games (chapters 3,4,5,6) Logic (chapters 8,9,10) Learning (chapters 18,20) • See (online) syllabus for more detailed course outline (we may stray from the outline depending on how things go). Outline • • • • Course overview What is AI? A brief history The state of the art What is AI? • But what is intelligence? – something not entirely well-defined that helps to distinguish what we call animate objects from what we call inanimate objects – But when does an object become animate? – Does learning play a role? (can an object be intelligent without learning?) – Is “living” a necessary condition? Are there any non-living objects in the world you might call intelligent? What is AI? • What tasks require intelligence? • The easy (or seemingly mundane) – Perception (vision, speech) – Natural Language (understanding, generation, translation) – Common sense reasoning • rational thought, causality, etc. – Robotics/Motor skills What is AI? • What tasks require intelligence? • The formal – Games (chess, backgammon, checkers, go) – Mathematics (geometry, logic, integral calculus, theorem proving, program correctness checkers) What is AI? • What tasks require intelligence? • The expert – Engineering (design, fault finding, manufacturing planning) – Scientific analysis and data interpretation, data mining, problem finding – Medical diagnosis (doctors) – Financial analysis (predict the stock market) – Forensic Science – Legal Analysis What is AI? • What can Humans do? Object recognition: Object Recognition • Sometimes it is a continuum. – Escher, Liberation, 1955 • What is foreground/background? – Escher, Mosaic, 1957 Object Recognition • Why we need uncertainty. Is it a face, a vase, or both? What is AI? • What can Humans do? – Speech Recognition: What is AI? Views of AI fall into four categories: Thinking humanly Acting humanly Thinking Rationally Acting Rationally • Vertical Axis: Thinking Acting • Horizontal Axis: Humanly Rationally • The textbook advocates "acting rationally“ – – this is also an engineering perspective. What is important to get the problem solved. Acting or being human? To build systems, we care only about acting. Thinking humanly Thinking Rationally Acting humanly Acting Rationally Acting humanly: Turing Test • • • Alan Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence": "Can machines think?" "Can machines behave intelligently?" Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game • Needs: – natural language processing, knowledge representation, automated reasoning, machine learning, computer vision, speech recognition, robotics • • • • Turing predicted that by 2000, a machine might have a 30% chance of fooling a lay person for 5 minutes Anticipated all major arguments against AI in following 50 years Suggested major components of AI: knowledge, reasoning, language understanding, learning Thinking humanly Thinking Rationally Acting humanly Acting Rationally Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling • 1960s "cognitive revolution": information-processing “psychology” replaced orthodoxy of behaviorism – compute as a human would compute – • Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain – what level of abstraction? “Knowledge”, “circuits”, only need a “model” of the process, don’t need to replicate the process (e.g., neuro-) – How to validate? Requires • Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects (top-down), or • Direct identification from neurological data (bottom-up) • • Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive Neuroscience) are now considered distinct from AI (which is more related to computer science) • Both share with AI: – existing theories do not yet explain anything close to resembling true human-level general intelligence. We have a *long* way to go. • So the various doctrines share a basic principal direction but are considered different (sub-)fields. Thinking humanly Thinking Rationally Acting humanly Acting Rationally Thinking rationally: "laws of thought" • Irrefutable (prescriptive rather than descriptive) reasoning processes that must occur (logic) • Aristotle: what are correct arguments/thought processes? – Logical forms that rational thinking possesses. – Ex: “Socrates is a man, all men are mortal, therefore Socrates is mortal.” – • Several Greek schools developed various forms of logic: notation and rules of derivation for thoughts; may or may not have proceeded to the idea of mechanization (which is what we care about in this class) • • Direct line through mathematics and philosophy to modern AI • • Problems with this approach: 1. Not all intelligent behavior is mediated by logical deliberation (many Thinking humanly Thinking Rationally Acting humanly Acting Rationally Acting rationally: rational agent • Rational behavior: doing the right thing – but we don’t care as much how it is happening as long as it undeniably is happening. – • The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal achievement, given the available information • Doesn't necessarily involve thinking – e.g., blinking reflex – but thinking should be in the service of rational action • Aristotle (Nicomachean Ethics): – Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some good. – Rational agents • An agent is a key idea in this course. • An agent is an entity that perceives and acts • • This course is about designing rational agents – agents, build to in one way or another, act “rational” – • Abstractly, an agent is a function from percept histories to actions: • [f: P* A] • Is this real intelligence? Are we deterministic? • Practically: For any given class of environments and tasks, we seek the agent (or class of agents) with the best performance in a given environment at a particular time. AI prehistory • Philosophy • Mathematics • Psychology • • • • Economics Linguistics Neuroscience Control theory • Computer engineering • Electrical Engineering Logic, methods of reasoning, mind as physical system, foundations of learning, language, rationality Formal representation and proof algorithms, computation, (un)decidability, (in)tractability, probability, optimization phenomena of perception and motor control, experimental techniques, psycho-* utility, decision theory, game theory knowledge representation, grammar physical substrate for mental activity design systems that maximize an objective function over time, temporal processes building fast computing systems signal processing, acoustics, sound Abridged history of AI • • • • • 1943 1950 1956 1952—69 1950s • 1966—73 • • • • • • • 1969—79 1980-1986-1987-1988-1995-2003-- McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" Dartmouth meeting: "Artificial Intelligence" adopted Look, Ma, no hands! Early AI programs, including Samuel's checkers program, Newell & Simon's Logic Theorist, Gelernter's Geometry Engine AI discovers computational complexity Neural network research almost disappears Early development of knowledge-based systems AI becomes an industry Neural networks return to popularity AI becomes a science Uncertain reasoning is acknowledged (Pearl) The emergence of intelligent agents (our text!!) Human-level AI is back to popularity State of the art • Which of the following can be done by computer at the present time? – Play a decent game of table tennis – Drive safely along a curving mountain road – Drive safely along University Avenue – Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web – Buy a week's worth of groceries at Whole Foods Market – Play a decent game of bridge – Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem – Design and execute a research program in molecular biology – Write an intentionally funny story – Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law – Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time – Converse successfully with another person for an hour – Perform a complex surgical operation – Unload any dishwasher and put everything away – Recognize fluently spoken conversational speech without mistake State of the art • Which of the following can be done by computer at the present time? – Play a decent game of table tennis – Drive safely along a curving mountain road – Drive safely along University Avenue – Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web – Buy a week's worth of groceries at Whole Foods Market – Play a decent game of bridge – Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem – Design and execute a research program in molecular biology – Write an intentionally funny story – Give competent legal advice in a specialized area of law – Translate spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time – Converse successfully with another person for an hour – Perform a complex surgical operation – Unload any dishwasher and put everything away – Recognize fluently spoken conversational speech without mistake State of the art • Deep Blue defeated the reigning world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997 • Proved a mathematical conjecture (Robbins conjecture) unsolved for decades (1997), proved in the affirmative – are all Robbin’s algebras boolean? Algebra that satisfies commutatively, associatively, and Robbins equation: n(n(x + y) + n(x + n(y))) = x • “No hands across America” (driving autonomously 98% of the time from Pittsburgh to San Diego) • During the 1991 Gulf War, US forces deployed an AI logistics planning and scheduling program that involved up to 50,000 vehicles, cargo, and people • NASA's on-board autonomous planning program controlled the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft • Proverb solves crossword puzzles better than most humans (including myself) • Question: So do these things really require intelligence? How does the chess program work so well?