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CHAPTER ELEVEN Managing Knowledge Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-1 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Canadian Tire Keeps Selling with Knowledge Management Systems Problem: In a large organization, delays in accessing product information impaired dealer efficiency and customer service. Internal organizations were impaired by cumbersome processes. Solutions: Canadian Tire used MS-SharePoint to develop an information-sharing platform for its dealers but still had to revamp its employee intranet and improve processes Demonstrates IT’s role in making knowledge more accessible. Illustrates how an organization can become more efficient and profitable through content management. Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-2 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Important Dimensions of Knowledge Data: Flow of events or transactions captured by organization’s systems Information: Data organized into categories of understanding Knowledge: Patterns, rules, and contexts that provide a framework for creating, evaluating, and using information. ◦ Can be tacit (undocumented) or explicit (documented) knowledge Continued … Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-3 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Important Dimensions of Knowledge (continued) Wisdom: The collective and individual experience of applying knowledge to the solution of problem; ◦ Involves knowing when, where, and how to apply knowledge Knowledge is a firm asset: ◦ Intangible asset ◦ Requires organizational resources ◦ Value increases as more people share it Continued … Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-4 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Important Dimensions of Knowledge (continued) – Knowledge has a location • Cognitive event • Both social and individual • “Sticky” (hard to move), situated (enmeshed in firm’s culture), contextual (works only in certain situations) – Knowledge is situational • Conditional: Knowing when to apply procedure • Contextual: Knowing circumstances to use certain tool Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-5 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape The knowledge management value chain Each stage adds value to raw data and information as they are transformed into usable knowledge • Knowledge acquisition • Knowledge storage • Knowledge dissemination • Knowledge application Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-6 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Knowledge acquisition •Documenting tacit and explicit knowledge • Storing documents, reports, presentations, best practices • Unstructured documents (e.g., e-mails) • Developing online expert networks •Creating knowledge •Tracking data from TPS and external sources Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-7 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Knowledge storage • Databases • Document Management Systems • Role of Management • • • Support development of planned knowledge storage systems Encourage development of corporate-wide schemas for indexing documents Reward employees for taking time to update and store documents properly Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-8 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Knowledge dissemination • • • • • Portals Push e-mail reports Search engines Collaboration tools A deluge of information? • Training programs, informal networks, and shared management experience help managers focus attention on important information Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-9 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Knowledge application • To provide return on investment, organizational knowledge must become systematic part of management decision making and become situated in decisionsupport systems • • • New business practices New products and services New markets Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-10 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-11 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Building Organizational and Management Capital: Collaboration, Communities of Practice, and Office Environments – Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO): senior executive who is responsible for the firm’s knowledge management system – Communities of Practice (COP): informal social networks of professionals and employees who have similar work-related activities and interests Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-12 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Types of Knowledge Management Systems 1. 2. 3. Enterprise-wide knowledge management systems • General-purpose firm-wide efforts to collect, store, distribute, and apply digital content and knowledge Knowledge work systems (KWS) • Specialized systems built for engineers, scientists, other knowledge workers charged with discovering and creating new knowledge Intelligent techniques • Diverse group of techniques such as data mining used for various goals: discovering knowledge, distilling knowledge, discovering optimal solutions Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-13 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge The Knowledge Management Landscape Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-14 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Enterprise Content Management Systems • Help capture, store, retrieve, distribute, preserve • Documents, reports, best practices • Semistructured knowledge (e-mails) • Bring in external sources • News feeds, research • Tools for communication and collaboration Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-15 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-16 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge network systems • Provide online directory of corporate experts in well-defined knowledge domains • Use communication technologies to make it easy for employees to find appropriate expert in a company • May systematize solutions developed by experts and store them in knowledge database • Best-practices • Frequently asked questions (FAQ) repository Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-17 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-18 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Collaboration Tools • Enterprise knowledge portals: Access to external and internal information • News feeds, research • Capabilities for e-mail, chat, videoconferencing, discussion • Use of consumer Web technologies • Blogs • Wikis • Social bookmarking Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-19 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems Learning Management Systems Provide tools for management, delivery, tracking, and assessment of various types of employee learning and training • Support multiple modes of learning • CD-ROM, Web-based classes, online forums, live instruction, etc. • Automates selection and administration of courses • Assembles and delivers learning content • Measures learning effectiveness Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-20 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Knowledge Work Systems Knowledge work systems • Systems for knowledge workers to help create new knowledge and integrate that knowledge into business Knowledge workers • Researchers, designers, architects, scientists, engineers who create knowledge for the organization • Three key roles: 1. Keeping organization current in knowledge 2. Serving as internal consultants regarding their areas of expertise 3. Acting as change agents, evaluating, initiating, and promoting change projects Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-21 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Knowledge Work Systems Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-22 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Knowledge Work Systems Examples of knowledge work systems • CAD (computer-aided design): Automates creation and revision of engineering or architectural designs, using computers and sophisticated graphics software • Virtual reality systems: Software and special hardware to simulate real-life environments • E.g. 3-D medical modeling for surgeons • VRML: Specifications for interactive, 3D modeling over Internet • Augmented Reality • Investment workstations: Streamline investment process and consolidate internal, external data for brokers, traders, portfolio managers Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-23 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques • Capturing knowledge: Expert systems • How expert systems work • Knowledge Base • Inference Engine • Forward Chaining • Backward Chaining Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-24 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-25 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-26 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques • Organizational intelligence: Case-based reasoning • Fuzzy logic systems • Neural networks • Genetic algorithms • Hybrid AI systems • Intelligent agents Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-27 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Case-based reasoning (CBR) – Descriptions of past experiences of human specialists (cases) stored in knowledge base – System searches for cases with problem characteristics similar to new one, finds closest fit, and applies solutions of old case to new case – Successful and unsuccessful applications are grouped with case – Stores organizational intelligence: Knowledge base is continuously expanded and refined by users Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-28 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-29 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Fuzzy logic systems – Rule-based technology that represents imprecision used in linguistic categories (e.g., “cold,” “cool”) that represent range of values – Describe a particular phenomenon or process linguistically and then represent that description in a small number of flexible rules – Provides solutions to problems requiring expertise that is difficult to represent with IFTHEN rules Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-30 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-31 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Neural networks – Find patterns and relationships in massive amounts of data too complicated for humans to analyze – “Learn” patterns by searching for relationships, building models, and correcting over and over again – Humans “train” network by feeding it data inputs for which outputs are known, to help neural network learn solution by example – Machine learning: Related AI technology allowing computers to learn by extracting information using computation and statistical methods Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-32 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-33 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Genetic algorithms – Useful for finding optimal solution for specific problem by examining very large number of possible solutions for that problem – Conceptually based on process of evolution • Search among solution variables by changing and reorganizing component parts using processes such as inheritance, mutation, and selection – Used in optimization problems (minimization of costs, efficient scheduling, optimal jet engine design) in which hundreds or thousands of variables exist – Able to evaluate many solution alternatives quickly Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-34 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-35 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Hybrid AI systems – Genetic algorithms, fuzzy logic, neural networks, and expert systems integrated into single application to take advantage of best features of each – E.g., Matsushita “neurofuzzy” washing machine that combines fuzzy logic with neural networks Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-36 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Can a Computer be Smarter than a Genius? Read the Window on Organizations, and then discuss the following questions: 1. Describe the reasons IBM likely wanted Watson to participate on Jeopardy. 2. What are some of the benefits of artificial intelligence housed in a computer like Watson? 3. Why does Watson not always give a correct answer? 4. What do you think, in addition to the applications mentioned in the case, might be valuable applications of Watson’s artificial intelligence capabilities? Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-37 Management Information Systems Chapter 11 Managing Knowledge Intelligent Techniques Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-38 CHAPTER ELEVEN Managing Knowledge Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 11-39