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NUS at DUC 2007:
Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Ziheng Lin, Tat-Seng Chua, Min-Yen Kan,
Wee Sun Lee, Long Qiu and Shiren Ye
Department of Computer Science
National University of Singapore, Singapore
NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Summarization
• Traditionally, weighted heuristics to select sentences
• With the advent of machine learning, heuristic weights
can be tuned
• In last few years, graphical representations of text have
shed new light on the summarization problem
• TextRank and LexRank allow us to naturally incorporate
context as a continuum
• How can we enhance this representational model?
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Prestige as sentence selection
• One motivation of using graphical methods was to model the problem
as finding prestige of nodes in a social network
• PageRank used random walk to smooth the effect of non-local context
• Lead to TextRank and LexRank
• Contrast with previous
graphical approaches (Salton et al. 1994)
• Did we leave anything out of our
representation for summarization?
Yes, the notion of an evolving network
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Social networks change!
Natural evolving networks (Dorogovtsev and Mendes, 2001)
– Citation networks: New papers can cite old ones, but the old
network is static
– The Web: new pages are added with an old page connecting it to
the web graph, old pages may update links
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Evolutionary models for summarization
Writers and readers often follow conventional rhetorical
styles - articles are not written or read in an arbitrary way
Consider the evolution of texts using a very simplistic
model
– Writers write from the first sentence onwards in a text
– Readers read from the first sentence onwards of a text
• A simple model: sentences get added incrementally to the
graph
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
Approach
– These assumptions suggest us to iteratively add sentences into
the graph in chronological order.
– At each iteration, consider which edges to add to the graph.
– For single document: simple and straightforward: add 1st
sentence, followed by the 2nd, and so forth, until the last sentence is
added
– For multi-document: treat it as multiple instances of single
documents, which evolve in parallel; i.e., add 1st sentences of all
documents, followed by all 2nd sentences, and so forth
• Doesn’t really model chronological ordering between articles, fix later
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
Model:
• Documents as columns
– di = document i
• Sentences as rows
–sj = jth sentence of
document
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
• A multi document example
doc1
doc2
doc3
sent1
sent2
sent3
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
An example TSG: DUC 2007 D0703A-A
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
Formalization of TSGs:
– The example is just one instance of TSG
– Let’s generalize and formalize the TSG algorithm
– A timestamped graph algorithm tsg(M) is a 9-tuple:
(d, e, u, f,σ, t, i, s,τ) that
• specifies a resulting algorithm that takes
• as input the set of texts M
• and outputs a graph G
• Salient parameters for TSGs:
e - # edges to add per vertex per time step
u - unweighted or weighted edges
For description of other
σ- vertex selection function σ(u, G)
parameters:
s - skew degree
see our TextGraphs-2 paper
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
• Vertex selection function σ(u, G)
– One strategy: among those nodes not yet connected to u in
G, choose the one that has the highest similarity with u
– Similarity functions: Jaccard, cosine, concept links
(Ye et al.. 2005)
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
• Skew degree s
– Models how nodes in multi-document graphs are added
– Skew degree = how many iterations to wait before adding the 1st
sentence of the next document
Motivation
– Up to now, the TSG models assume that the authors start writing
the documents at the same time
– In reality, some documents are authored later than others, giving
updates or reporting changes
– Infer information from timestamps of articles or from date
extraction on articles themselves.
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Skew Degree Examples
time(d1) < time(d2) < time(d3) < time(d4)
d1 d2 d3 d4
d1 d2 d3 d4
d1 d2 d3 d4
Freely skewed =
Only add a new
document when it
would be linked
by some node
using vertex
function σ
Skewed by 1
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Skewed by 2
Freely skewed
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Timestamped Graph Construction
• Representations
– We can model a number of different algorithms using this
9-tuple formalism:
(d, e, u, f,σ, t, i, s,τ)
– The given toy example:
(f, 1, 0, 1, max-cosine-based, sentence, 1, 0, null)
– LexRank graphs:
(u, N, 1, 1, cosine-based, sentence, Lmax, 0, null)
N = total number of sentences in the cluster; Lmax = the max document
length
i.e., all sentences are added into the graph in one timestep, each
connected to all others, and cosine scores are given to edge weights
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Summarization using TSGs
NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
System Overview
• Sentence splitting
–Detect and mark sentence boundaries
–Annotate each sentence with the doc
ID and the sentence number
–E.g., XIE19980304.0061: 4 March
1998 from Xinhua News;
XIE19980304.0061-14: the 14th
sentence of this document
• Graph construction
–Construct TSG in this phase
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
System Overview
• Sentence Ranking
– Apply topic-sensitive random
walk on the graph to redistribute the
weights of the nodes
• Sentence extraction
– Extract the top-ranked sentences
– Two different modified MMR rerankers are used, depending on
whether it is main or update task
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Differences for main and update task processing
Main task:
1.
2.
3.
Construct a TSG for
input cluster
Run topic-sensitive
PageRank on the TSG
Apply first modified
version of MMR to
extract sentences
Update task:
• Cluster A:
– Construct a TSG for cluster A
– Run topic-sensitive PageRank on the TSG
– Apply the second modified version of MMR
to extract sentences
• Cluster B:
– Construct a TSG for clusters A and B
– Run topic-sensitive PageRank on the TSG;
only retain sentences from B
– Apply the second modified version of MMR
to extract sentences
• Cluster C:
– Construct a TSG for clusters A, B and C
– Run topic-sensitive PageRank on the TSG;
only retain sentences from C
– Apply the second modified version of MMR
to extract sentences
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Sentence Ranking
• Once a timestamped graph is built, we want to compute an prestige
score for each node
• PageRank: use an iterative method that allows the weights of the
nodes to redistribute until stability is reached
• Similarities as edges → weighted edges; query → topic-sensitive
Topic
sensitive (Q)
portion
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Standard
random
walk term
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Sentence Extraction – Main task
• Original MMR: integrates a penalty of the maximal similarity of the candidate
document and one selected document
• Ye et al. (2005) introduced a modified MMR: integrates a penalty of the total
similarity of the candidate sentence and all selected sentences
Penalty: All
previous
sentence
similarity
• Score(s) = PageRank score of s; S = selected sentences
• This is used in the main task
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Sentence Extraction – Update task
•Update task assumes readers already read previous cluster(s)
– implies we should not select sentences that have redundant
information with previous cluster(s)
• Propose a modified MMR for the update task:
– consider the total similarity of the candidate sentence with all
selected sentences and sentences in previously-read cluster(s)
Previous
cluster
overlap
• P contains some top-ranked sentences in previous cluster(s)
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Evaluation and Analysis
NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Macroscopic Evaluation
Main task parameterization
–Graph construction: (u, 1, 1,
1, concept-link-based,
sentence, 1, 0, null)
–Sentence extraction: λ= 0.8
and δ= 6, tuned from DUC 05
and 06 datasets
–12th for ROUGE-2 and 10th
for ROUGE-SU4 among 32
systems
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Macroscopic Evaluation
•Update task parameterization
–Graph construction: (u, 1, 1,
1, concept-link-based,
sentence, 1, 0, null)
–Sentence extraction: λ= 0.8,
δ= 3 and γ= 6, based on our
experience
–3rd in ROUGE-2, 4th in
ROUGE-SU4 and 6th in
average pyramid scores
among 24 systems
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
What do we think?
• Better performance in update task
• TSG is better tailored to deal with update summaries
• The second modified version of MMR works better at
distilling redundant information that is shown in
previously-read cluster(s)
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NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
Conclusion
• Proposed a timestamped graph model for text understanding
and summarization
– Adds sentences one at a time
• Parameterized model with nine variables
– Several important variables to the iterative TSG formalism
explained
• MMR reranking modified for fit with update task
Future Work
• Freely skewed model
• Empirical and theoretical properties of TSGs
(e.g., in-degree distribution)
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Backup Slides
15 Minutes total talk
3:15-3:30
NUS at DUC 2007: Using Evolutionary Models of Text
References
• Günes Erkan and Dragomir R. Radev. 2004. LexRank: Graph-based centrality as
salience in text summari-zation. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, (22).
• Rada Mihalcea and Paul Tarau. 2004. TextRank: Bring-ing order into texts. In
Proceedings of EMNLP 2004.
• S.N. Dorogovtsev and J.F.F. Mendes. 2001. Evolution of networks. Submitted to
Advances in Physics on 6th March 2001.
• Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page. 1998. The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web
search engine. Com-puter Networks and ISDN Systems, 30(1-7).
• Jon M. Kleinberg. 1999. Authoritative sources in a hy-perlinked environment. In
Proceedings of ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, 1999.
• Shiren Ye, Long Qiu, Tat-Seng Chua, and Min-Yen Kan. 2005. NUS at DUC 2005:
Understanding docu-ments via concepts links. In Proceedings of DUC 2005.
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