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Methods And Approaches
By Claire Palmer
Methods: Experimental
• Can be divided into
two categories: Lab
experimental and
Field experimental
Field And Lab
• Field exps. conducted out in the world.
• Advantage-field experiments are more
realistic.
• Lab exps. Conducted in a lab, a highly
controlled environment.
Random Assignment
• Each participant has an equal chance of
being placed into any group.
Group Matching
• Grouping people
together based on
sex, age, IQ scores,
ect…
Correlational Method
• Expresses a relationship between two
variables without ascribing cause.
Positive Correlation
• The presence of one
thing predicts the
presence of another
Negative Correlation
• The presence of one
thing predicts the
absence of another.
Naturalistic Observation
• Observing participants in their natural
habitats without interacting with them all.
Case Study
• Used to get a full, detailed picture of one
participant or a small group of participants.
• Clinical psychs use case studies to
present info about a person suffering from
a particular disorder.
Approaches: Humanist
• Stress individual choice and free will.
• We choose most of our behaviors and
these choices are guided by
psychological, emotional, or spiritual
needs.
Example
• A humanist psych might say that an
introverted person may limit social contact
with others because they like having a few
close friends they can really talk to.
Psychoanalytic
• The unconscious mind controls much of
our thought and action.
• These psyches would look for impulses or
memories pushed into the human mind
through repression.
Example
• A psychoanalytic would explain that an
introverted person may avoid social
situations because of a repressed memory
of trauma during childhood.
Biopsychology
• Explains human thought and behavior
strictly in terms of biological processes.
• Human cognition and reactions might be
caused by effects of our genes, hormones,
and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a
combo of all three.
Example
• A biopsych might say that an extroverted
person may be that way because of genes
inherited from their parents.
Evolutionary (Darwinian)
• Examine human thoughts and actions of
natural selection.
• Example- some psychological traits might
be advantageous for survival, and these
traits would be passed down from the
parents to the next generation.
Behavioral
• Explains human thought and behavior in
terms of conditioning.
• Behaviorists look strictly at observable
behaviors and what reaction organisms
get in response to specified behaviors.
Example
• A behaviorist might explain a person’s
tendency to be extroverted in terms of
reward and punishment.
• There might be a reward for being
outgoing.
• There might be a punishment for being
shy.
Cognitive
• Examines human thought and behavior in
terms of how we interpret, process, and
remember environmental events.
Example
• A person’s tendency to be extroverted in
terms of how he or she interprets social
situations.
Social Cultural
• Look at how our thoughts and behaviors
vary from people living in other cultures.
Example
• A person who is extroverted may ask
questions like, “how far apart do people in
other cultures stand when they have a
conversation?” or “how often do people
touch each other while interacting?”
DONE!!!
• I found the info to this power point in the
Barron’s Book.
• The pictures were found on Google.com