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Methods And Approaches By Claire Palmer Methods: Experimental • Can be divided into two categories: Lab experimental and Field experimental Field And Lab • Field exps. conducted out in the world. • Advantage-field experiments are more realistic. • Lab exps. Conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Random Assignment • Each participant has an equal chance of being placed into any group. Group Matching • Grouping people together based on sex, age, IQ scores, ect… Correlational Method • Expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause. Positive Correlation • The presence of one thing predicts the presence of another Negative Correlation • The presence of one thing predicts the absence of another. Naturalistic Observation • Observing participants in their natural habitats without interacting with them all. Case Study • Used to get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants. • Clinical psychs use case studies to present info about a person suffering from a particular disorder. Approaches: Humanist • Stress individual choice and free will. • We choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by psychological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Example • A humanist psych might say that an introverted person may limit social contact with others because they like having a few close friends they can really talk to. Psychoanalytic • The unconscious mind controls much of our thought and action. • These psyches would look for impulses or memories pushed into the human mind through repression. Example • A psychoanalytic would explain that an introverted person may avoid social situations because of a repressed memory of trauma during childhood. Biopsychology • Explains human thought and behavior strictly in terms of biological processes. • Human cognition and reactions might be caused by effects of our genes, hormones, and neurotransmitters in the brain or by a combo of all three. Example • A biopsych might say that an extroverted person may be that way because of genes inherited from their parents. Evolutionary (Darwinian) • Examine human thoughts and actions of natural selection. • Example- some psychological traits might be advantageous for survival, and these traits would be passed down from the parents to the next generation. Behavioral • Explains human thought and behavior in terms of conditioning. • Behaviorists look strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specified behaviors. Example • A behaviorist might explain a person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of reward and punishment. • There might be a reward for being outgoing. • There might be a punishment for being shy. Cognitive • Examines human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. Example • A person’s tendency to be extroverted in terms of how he or she interprets social situations. Social Cultural • Look at how our thoughts and behaviors vary from people living in other cultures. Example • A person who is extroverted may ask questions like, “how far apart do people in other cultures stand when they have a conversation?” or “how often do people touch each other while interacting?” DONE!!! • I found the info to this power point in the Barron’s Book. • The pictures were found on Google.com