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Evolution and Taxonomy Goals 3.05 and 4.01 Where did life come from? • Abiogenesis – Life came from non-living material • Biogenesis – Living things come other living things The Beginning of Life • Early Earth: – No oxygen – Primordial soup • Abiogenesis had to happen once – Oparin • Believed that at high temperatures and with electrical charge the early gases could form simple organic compounds Oxygen Miller & Urey First cells • Organic compounds came together to form prokaryotic cells that were anaerobic – Did not use oxygen – Why? – There was no oxygen on primitive Earth – Plants had not yet evolved First Prokaryotic Cells in the Primordial Soup • Prokaryotic cells were undergoing Natural Selection – They were eating each other – Survival of the Fittest • One way to be more fit if you are small is to live in larger prokaryotic cells – Endo (In) – symbiotic (both benefit) Endosymbiosis • One prokaryotic cell engulfs another • Example Mitochondria in a cell – Mitochondria get protection from larger cell – Larger cell gets energy from mitochondria • Evidence: Mitochondria and chloroplast – Have own DNA – Can divide on own Evidence for Evolution • Biochemical similarities • Use differences in DNA to show relationships – Few differences = Groups split more recently in time – More differences = groups split farther back in time • Fossils • Show evolutionary history – Oldest fossils on bottom – Youngest fossils on top Embryology • The study of the embryonic states of different organisms – Look for the similarities – Shows that they have a common ancestor Homologous and Analogous Structures • Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function – Example – Human are and bat wing • Analogous structures are similar in function but different in structure – Example – Bat wing and insect wing Charles Darwin • Natural Selection – The most fit organisms survive • Environment selects adaptations – Environment changes and puts pressure on the organism to change as well or die – The most fit to the change survive Speciation – Making new species • Geographic isolation – A physical barrier slits a population into 2 – Each population has it’s own adaptations – Over time they become so different they can no longer interbreed – Now have 2 distinct species Antibacterial Resistance How natural selection works Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant How natural selection works Original population Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant mutation! A mutation occurs, it happens to be resistant to the antibacterial soap How natural selection works Resistance to antibacterial soap Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant How natural selection works Resistance to antibacterial soap The best fit survive and breed– Antibacterial resistant Generation 1: 1.00 not resistant 0.00 resistant Generation 2: 0.96 not resistant 0.04 resistant Generation 3: 0.76 not resistant 0.24 resistant Generation 4: 0.12 not resistant 0.88 resistant Classification • Organisms are classified into groups based on: – Phylogeny – How closely related organisms are – DNA – How similar the DNA is – Embryology – Embryotic similarities – Morphology – Structural similarities Classification Least Specific • Kingdom = King • Phylum = Phillip • Class = Came • Order = Over • Family = For • Genus = Great • Species = Spaghetti Most Specific • Binomial nomenclature = Two names • Genus species • Genus is capitalized • species lowercase • In italics or underlined • Homo sapians Phylogenetic Tree • A tree showing the evolutionary relationships between species that have a common ancestor. • Uses evidences for evolution Dichotomous Keys • A tool for identification of plants and animals. • It is written as a sequence of paired questions (2) • The questions are followed a name or identification is reached