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Warm-up / EOC Prep 1. Oxygen was not present in the early atmosphere. Which of the following describes the first organisms who lived in this environment? A Homologous C Anaerobic B Vestigial D Aerobic 2. Structures that were once useful but no longer have any function, like the human appendix, are called… A homologous structures C vital organs B vestigial organs D mutations Agenda • • • • • • • Warm-Up Notes Classification Worksheet Whiteboards Textbook Review Questions Clean-up Cool-Down Announcements • Evolution Quiz Tuesday The History of Classification • The classification of organisms has a long history, but it keeps changing as new knowledge is generated by the research of evolutionary relationships. • It all started more than 2,000 years ago, when the Greek philosopher Aristotle classified groups plants and animals by similar structures. • The science of naming and classifying organisms is called taxonomy. • Starting in the Middle Ages, scientists began using Latin names to classify animals. When this kind of system was first developing many names were used, which became very confusing. However, a simpler system was developed by the Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus in the 1750s. • Linnaeus used a two-word Latin name for each species, and this two word system is called binomial nomenclature. • This two part name is called the organism’s scientific name. The two parts are as follows: 1. Genus-category containing similar species (share a lot of characteristics) The first letter of the genus is always capitalized. 2. Species-most basic level of the classification system-one particular organism. The first letter of the species name is lowercase. Examples of Common Scientific Names • Canis familiaris - dog • Felis domesticus - cat • Canis lupus - wolf • Vulpes vulpes - fox • Populus deltoides - cottonwood There are estimated to be 5-10 million species in this world We have scientifically identified 1.5 million of them. • Both parts of the scientific name are italicized or underlined. For example, the name for a bee is Apis mellifera. • The scientific naming system allows scientists to communicate regardless of their native language. No two organisms can have the same scientific name, and the name must conform to the rules established by an international commission and to the rules of Latin grammar. • • • • • • • • DOMAIN KINGDOM PHYLUM CLASS ORDER FAMILY GENUS SPECIES • DangerKeepPondsCleanOrFrogsGetSick • DumbKingsPlayCardsOnFatGreenStools The Hierarchical System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Taxonomic Hierarchy Figure 10.5 • The science of naming and classifying organisms is called…. • taxonomy • The levels of classification from largest to smallest are… • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus Species • Illustrate the levels of classification on white paper. • Use Chapter 14 in the textbook to help. • Turn it in when you are done. Cool-Down 1. List the different levels of the classification system in order. 2. What is between order and genus? 3. Who came up with this system? • Clean up this room!! • That means… • No paper or trash on the floor • Chairs tucked under the desks • Desks straight • THANK YOU!! Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. Which of these is necessary for natural selection to occur? A. Genetic engineering B. Genetic variation C. Budding D. Environmental Stability 2. Which of the following is the best definition of biological evolution? A Humans came from monkeys B Only the strongest survive C Genetic change in organisms over time D The process organisms use to improve Agenda • • • • • • Warm-up Notes Kingdom Worksheet Kingdom Comparison Posters Clean-up Cool-down • EVOLUTION QUIZ TOMORROW! The Five Kingdoms • Linnaeus began his system based on observations of organisms that are similar to one another. For example, a tiger resembles a gorilla more closely than either resembles a fish. Darwin then believed that organisms that are more similar to one another have descended from a more recent common ancestor. • Therefore, classification should include an organism’s phylogeny-evolutionary history. • A branching diagram that shows evolutionary relationships is called a phylogenetic tree or cladogram. • The closer organisms are on the tree, the more closely they are related and the more recently they shared a common ancestor. • However, some similarities evolve in organisms that are not closely related to one another, because the organisms live in the same kind of place. The process by which this happens is called convergent evolution. Similarities that come about through convergent evolution are called analogous characters. Ex:Bird wing and insect wing • The biggest classification group is Domain. There are 3 domains-Eukarya, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria are prokaryotic domains and Eukarya is a eukaryotic domain. REMEMBER: • Eukaryotes = nucleus, membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, bigger • Prokaryotes = no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, smaller. • A biological species is a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups. • However, sometimes individuals of different species interbreed and produce offspring called hybrids. Ex: A donkey + a horse = a mule • In the beginning of classification there were only 2 kingdoms-Plants and Animals. • Prokaryotic kingdoms = Eubacteria and ArchaebacteriaProkaryotic, Unicellular, • Ex: Bacteria • Often called Monera Monera • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Bacteria • Note** • Monera Kingdom is the Bacteria Kingdom!! • Some scientists split Bacteria into Eubacteria (normal bacteria) and Archaebacteria (extreme bacteria). *WAS DISCOVERED IN 1976 *UNICELLULAR MARINE ORGANISM *BELIEVED TO BE SIMILAR TO THE BACTERIA WHICH EVOLVES TO FORM CHLOROPLAST • There are four Eukaryotic kingdoms (within the Eukarya Domain) in the modern classification system : 1. Protista • Eukaryotic • Single celled / simple multicellular • Heterotrophs and Autotrophs • Includes organisms that “don’t fit” • Ex: amoeba, euglena, kelp Can be found in pond water Gets it’s name from Greek word amoibe Has no permanent shape Multiplies by dividing into 2 2. Fungi • Eukaryotic • Chitin in wall (soft cell wall) • Heterotrophic • Reproduce by spores • Ex: mushrooms, yeasts, bread mold Discovered by Alexander Fleming In London,England Discovered in 1929 1st miracle drug Used to treat wound infections 3. Plantae • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Cells with cellulose in cell wall • Autotrophic • Photosynthetic • Ex: trees, grass Official state tree of North Carolina Can be found in the southeast United States The Longleaf Pine can grow to be 100 feet tall Produces resin, turpentine, & timber 4. Animalia • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Cells without walls • Heterotrophic • Ex: elephants, tigers, lemurs Is found in Central Asia Weighs 77-121 lbs. 1.8-2.3 meters long Snow leopards are able to kill prey twice their size. Snow leopards are nocturnal. Cubs are born blind. 5 Kingdoms of life Moneran •one cell •prokaryote •Sessile/motile •decomposers & autotrophs Fungi • one or many •Eukaryote •Sessile •Takes food Protist • One or many • Eukaryote • Sessile/motile • Takes or makes FOUR QUESTIONS: 1)One or many cells? 2)Prokaryote or Eukaryote? 3)Sessile or Motile? 4)Take or Make food? Plant • • • • many cells Eukaryote most sessile makes food Animal • • • • many cells Eukaryote motile takes food 5 Kingdoms of life Moneran •one cell •prokaryote •Sessile/motile •decomposers & autotrophs Fungi • one or many •Eukaryote •Sessile •Takes food Protist • One or many • Eukaryote • Sessile/motile • Takes or makes Plant • • • • many cells Eukaryote most sessile makes food Animal • • • • many cells Eukaryote motile takes food Split poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section: 1. Title (name of the kingdom) 2. Description, which includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others) Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular) Can they move? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic Something unique about the kingdom 3 examples from the kingdom Picture REVIEW • What are the 3 domains? • Eukarya, Archaebacteria, and Eubacteria • How does a cladogram work? • Closer organisms are on tree, closer they are related, more recent common ancestor • What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms? Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia Kingdom Comparison Posters Split poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section: 1. Title (name of the kingdom) 2. Description, which includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others) Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular) Can they move? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic Something unique about the kingdom Groups 3 examples from the kingdom of one or Picture two only!! • Clean up this room!! • That means… • No paper or trash on the floor • Chairs tucked under the desks • Desks straight • THANK YOU!! Cool-Down 1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms? 2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in what kingdom? 3. How does a cladogram work? Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. The Industrial Revolution had the following effect on the Peppered Moth population in London: A The population of all black Peppered Moths increased B The population of spotted Peppered Moths increased C Nothing changed D Both the all black and spotted Peppered Moth populations increased 2. Which would a breeder use to produce cows which give more milk? A artificial selection B natural selection C gene mutation D acquired characteristics Agenda • • • • • • • Warm-up Evolution Quiz Dichotomous Keys Classification Stations Finish Kingdom Poster Clean-up Cool-down Let’s say I was using a dichotomous key to identify a tiger, jaguar, leopard, cheetah, and lion. 1. A Has spots-go to # 2 B Does not have spots-go to # 3 2. A Has solid black dots for spots-cheetah. B Has bigger circular black rings for spots-go to # 4 3. A Has stripes-tiger B Does not have stripes-lion 4. A Inside the black rings there are small black dotsjaguar B Inside the black rings there are no black dotsleopard Classification Stations • Each student needs – Pen / pencil – One sheet of paper to write your answers on • Be sure to label which questions go with which stations! • Rotate among the stations … (there are 10) – Answer all the questions – Identify each snowman • Make sure you turn it in before you leave! 1.Write a number down 1-9 2.Add this to the next higher number 3.Add 9 4.Divide by 2 5.subtract your starting number. What number do you end up with? Snowman Dichotomous Key 1. a. Snowman has a hat-go to 2. b. Snowman does not have a hat-go to 3. 2. a. has a carrot nose-go to 4. b. has a circle charcoal nose-go to 5. 3. a. Has a scarf-go to 6 b. Does not have a scarf-go to 7. 4. a. Has two arms-go to 8. b. Has one arm-Jack 5. a. Has buttons on the middlego to 9 b. Does not have buttonsDave 6. a. Has a striped scarf-go to 10 b. Has a solid scarf-Becky 7. a. Has one arm-Maggie b. Has no arms-Mike 8. a. Has mittens-Bob b. Does not have mittensJosh 9. a. Has a charcoal mouthMegan b. Does not have a charcoal mouth-Ashley 10. a. Has boots and buttonsJesse b. Has no boots or buttonsLiz 5 Kingdoms of life Moneran •one cell •prokaryote •Sessile/motile •decomposers & autotrophs Fungi • one or many •Eukaryote •Sessile •Takes food Protist • One or many • Eukaryote • Sessile/motile • Takes or makes Plant • • • • many cells Eukaryote most sessile makes food Animal • • • • many cells Eukaryote motile takes food Split poster paper into five sections. One section for each kingdom-Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Include the following items in each section: 1. Title (name of the kingdom) 2. Description, which includes: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. How they get food (autotrophic –make own food or heterotrophic-get food from others) Number of cells (unicellular or multicellular) Can they move? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic Something unique about the kingdom 3 examples from the kingdom Picture Cool-Down 1. What are the four eukaryotic kingdoms? 2. A unicellular, prokaryotic organism belongs in what kingdom? 3. How does a cladogram work? • Clean up this room!! • That means… • No paper or trash on the floor • Chairs tucked under the desks • Desks straight • THANK YOU!! Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. A genetic pedigree showing that only males are affected by a certain disorder is evidence of what type of inheritance? A. Dominant B. Sex-linked C. Recessive D. Passive 2. Genetic information usually flows in one specific direction. Which of the following best represents this flow? A. DNAproteinRNA B. ProteinRNADNA C. RNAproteinDNA D. DNARNAprotein Agenda • • • • • Warm-up Kingdom Comparison Chart Mid-term Exam Review Clean-up Cool-down Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue eyes (b). A blue-eyed man marries a heterozygous brown-eyed woman. What genotypes will their children have? A. All bb B. All BB C. All Bb D. Bb and bb 2. Which two scientists are credited with the discovery of the double helix as the structure of DNA? A. Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin B. John Wilson and Frank Cartwright C. James Watson and Francis Crick D. Carl Linnaeus and James Watson Agenda • • • • • Warm-up BINGO review Mid-term Exam Clean-up Cool-down BINGO Words- Day 1 1. Bacteria 2. Relative dating 3. Charles Darwin 4. Natural selection 5. Lipid 6. Protein 7. Substrate 8. Enzyme 9. Double helix 10.Chloroplast 11.Vacuole 12.Cell membrane 14.Gamete 15.Meiosis 16.mRNA 17.RNA 18.Sex-linked 19.Neutral 20.Mitochondria 21.Osmosis 22.Cellular respiration 23.Photosynthesis 24.Active transport Warm-Up / EOC Prep 1. Gilly weed normally has 12 chromosomes in the body cells. How many chromosomes will an egg cell of the weed have? A. 6 chromosomes B. 12 chromosomes C. 18 chromosomes D. 24 chromosomes 2. Photosynthesis is important for almost all life on Earth because it A. Produces oxygen B. Uses simple elements C. Is responsible for most decay D. Releases usable forms of nitrogen Agenda • • • • • Warm-up BINGO review Mid-term Exam Clean-up Cool-down BINGO Words- Day 2 1. Independent variable 2. Protein synthesis 3. Organelle 4. Prokaryotic 5. Eukaryotic 6. Carbohydrate 7. Lipid 8. ATP 9. Nucleic acid 10.Enzyme 11.Plant cell 12.Homeostasis 14.Recessive 15.Karyotype 16.Oxygen 17.Mitosis 18.Interphase 19.Prophase 20.Metaphase 21.Anaphase 22.Telophase 23.Photosynthesis 24.Mutation