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BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007 • Purpose of This Course – “BI101 provides the opportunity for nonscience majors to learn, by participating in lectures and laboratories, the biological concepts and material that the Biology Department faculty deems most critical to any educated individual. In short, if you only take a single Biology course while at Western Oregon University, this is it!!” (BI101 Syllabus, Spring 2007) • Topics to be Covered: – – – – Nature of Science Evolution Diversity Ecology Ch1 Ch14-17 Ch18-23 Ch39-41 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. BI101: GENERAL BIOLOGY SPRING, 2007 • Course Mechanics READ YOUR SYLLABUS!!!! • Key Points: – Lab & Lecture Lab Attendance – Exam Dates & Grading – Final Exam Date & Time • NO ALTERNATIVES Dept Policy (position in LACC) (last term’s grades) Incomplete • How to Succeed – At least 2 hrs of study for every 1 hr in class (5 hrs in class) WRITE the Answers to the Study Questions FROM MEMORY – Be Able to Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. What is Science? • One Process of Knowing • Based on Three Assumptions • Results in Models of the Universe & Its Rules • Theory = Scientific Model • Importance of Probability & Statistics • Not Anecdotal – – – – – – – – – – – Not the Only Way of Knowing One Part of Each Individual’s “Metaphysic” A Universe is Out There It Operates According to Constant Rules We Can Discover the Nature of the Universe and Its Rules NOT the Universe Analogous to a Map Best Map Provides Most Accurate Predictions of the Terrain Best Theories Make the Most Accurate, Dependable and Encompassing Predictions Best Theory Predicts What Happens Most Often Exceptions Weaken, but do Not Invalidate, the Theory Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. “The Scientific Method” • • • • Observation Hypothesis Prediction Experiment – Variables • Controlled • Independent • Dependent – Experimental Situation vs Control Situation • Analysis • Conclusion • Communication Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Biology • Characteristics of Organisms • Are Viruses Alive? • Hierarchy of Organisms • Classification of Organisms Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Evolution is a Theory (as is gravity) • Summary of Darwin’s Theory: O1 – exponential population growth • O2 – resources are limited • O3 – more born than survive to reproduce • I1 – individuals compete for resources • O4 – there is variability among the individuals in a population • O5 – some variability is inherited • I2 – some inherited variability will improve an individual’s chances of surviving to reproduce • I3 – over generations, population will be of individuals with the favorable variants Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF THEORY OF EVOLUTION • Common Ancestry – (not man descended from apes) • Descent with Modification Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT EVOLUTION • Natural Selection Produces Variation • Organisms Produce the Needed Traits • Evolution Produces Increasingly More Perfect Organisms Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 14 Principles of Evolution • How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve? • Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution • Exploration of New Lands: Staggering Diversity of Life • Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time – Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.1 • 14.1.1 Early Biological Thought Did Not Include the Concept of Evolution • 14.1.2 Exploration of New Lands Revealed a Staggering Diversity of Life • 14.1.3 Fossil Discoveries Showed That Life Had Changed Over Time – Figure 14.1 The Grand Canyon of the Colorado River (p. 266) – Figure 14.2 Types of fossils (p. 266) – Figure 14.3 Fossils of extinct organisms (p. 267) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. eggs in nest fossilized feces (coprolites) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. bones footprints skin impression Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.1 How Did Evolutionary Thought Evolve? • 14.1.4 Some Scientists Devised Nonevolutionary Explanations for Fossils • 14.1.5 A Few Scientists Speculated That Life Had Evolved • 14.1.6 Geology Provided Evidence That Earth Is Exceedingly Old • 14.1.7 Some Pre-Darwin Biologists Proposed Mechanisms for Evolution • 14.1.8 Darwin and Wallace Proposed a Mechanism of Evolution – Figure 14.4 Darwin’s finches, residents of the Galapagos Islands (p. 269) – Figure E14.1 A painting of Charles Darwin as a young man (p. 270) – Figure E14.2 One species of Galapagos island tortoise (p. 271) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Large ground finch, beak suited to large seeds Warbler finch, beak suited to insects Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Small ground finch, beak suited to small seeds Vegetarian tree finch, beak suited to leaves Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? • Figure 14.5 A flowchart of evolutionary reasoning (p. 272) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Potential for rapid reproduction Relatively constant resources and population size over time Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Observation Conclusion based on observation Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection Potential for rapid reproduction Relatively constant resources and population size over time Competition for survival and reproduction Variability in structures and behaviors NATURAL SELECTION: On the average, the fittest organisms leave the most offspring Observation Conclusion based on observation Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Some variability is inherited EVOLUTION: The genetic makeup of the population changes over time, driven by natural selection 14.2 How Does Natural Selection Work? • 14.2.1 Modern Genetics Confirmed Darwin’s Assumption of Inheritance • 14.2.2 Natural Selection Modifies Populations Over Time – Figure 14.6 The evolution of the horse (p. 272) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Pliohippus 5 Hipparion Archaeohippus Anchitherium Merychippus Mesohippus forefoot tooth 25 35 Hyracotherium Paleotheres 50 Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. browsing millions of years ago 1 grazing Equus 0 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • 14.3.1 Fossils Provide Evidence of Evolutionary Change Over Time • 14.3.2 Comparative Anatomy Gives Evidence of Descent with Modification – 14.3.2.1 Homologous Structures Provide Evidence of Common Ancestry • Figure 14.7 Homologous structures (p. 274) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. humerus Pterodactyl Dolphin Dog ulna radius carpals metacarpals phalanges Human Bird Bat FLYING Seal Sheep Shrew SWIMMING RUNNING GRASPING Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? – 14.3.2.2 Functionless Structures Are Inherited from Ancestors • Figure 14.8 Vestigial structures (p. 275) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Salamander Baleen whale Boa constrictor Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? – 14.3.2.3 Some Anatomical Similarities Result from Evolution in Similar Environments • Figure 14.9 Analogous structures (p. 276) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • 14.3.3 Embryological Similarity Suggests Common Ancestry – Figure 14.10 Embryological stages reveal evolutionary relationships (p. 276) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.3 How Do We Know That Evolution Has Occurred? • 14.3.4 Modern Biochemical and Genetic Analyses Reveal Relatedness Among Diverse Organisms Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? • 14.4.1 Controlled Breeding Modifies Organisms – Figure 14.11 Dog diversity illustrates artificial selection (p. 277) Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.4 What Is the Evidence That Populations Evolve by Natural Selection? • 14.4.2 Evolution by Natural Selection Occurs Today – 14.4.2.1 When Fewer Predators Are Present, Brighter Coloration Can Evolve – 14.4.2.2 Natural Selection Can Lead to Pesticide Resistance – 14.4.2.3 Experiments Can Demonstrate Natural Selection – 14.4.2.4 Selection Acts on Random Variation to Favor the Traits That Work Best in Particular Environments Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. 14.5 A Postscript by Charles Darwin Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.