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Principles of Biology § The Scope of Biology: H subdisciplines H spans over huge spans of time and size H continuous process of learning H unifying themes Unifying Themes in Biology A hierarchy of organization The cellular basis of life Heritable information The correlation between structure and function The interaction of organisms with their environment Evolution: the core theme Scientific process: the hypotheticodeductive method Life’s Hierarchical Order of Organization Ecosystem Community Population Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Molecule Atom Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “Larger than Life!!!” Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “The microcosmic world” Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “ Life in the big “ Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “Lub Dub, Lub Dub” Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “Ma and Pa, and Auntie Rose and Uncle Fritz.” Hierarchical levels Determine the level: “I feel as frozen as an icecube when its winter.” Each Level of Biological Organization has EMERGENT PROPERTIES Property that emerges as a result of interactions between components “An organism is a living whole greater than the sum of its parts.” With each step upward in the hierarchy, new properties emerge that were not present at the simpler levels. Emergent Properties (characteristics of life) Cellular Order Reproduction (biogenesis) Growth and Development Energy Utilization Response to the Environment Homeostasis Evolutionary Adaptation Cells Basic unit of structure and function unicellular/multicellular Rober Hooke -- tree bark/cork Antonie van Leeuwenhok -animalicules Characteristics of cells Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic cells The Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA Nucleotides linear sequence of 4 nucleotides gene = unit of inheritance copying DNA passing info. Encoded in DNA from parent to offspring. All forms of life use essentially the same genetic code. Structure Function Biological structure gives clues as to what it does/how it works photosynthesis muscle contraction The interaction of organisms with their environment Biotic/abiotic Nutrient cycling Energy flow Homeostasis Regulatory mechanisms ensure a dynamic balance in living systems Evolution, Unity, and Diversity Diversity 5 million - >30 million species 1.5 million species have been identified/named Taxonomy domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species 6 kingdoms: Monera, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia Classification of Humans 1. Kingdom: Animalia 2. Phylum: Chordata • a. Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharynx, and gill slits in pharynx wall during at least part of life cycle. 3. Class: Mammalia • a. Hair and mammary glands 4. Order: Primate • a. Monkeys, apes, humans 5. Family: Hominids • a. All species on or near evolutionary road leading to modern humans. 6. Genus: Homo • a. Bipedal and possess large brains relative to body size 7. Species: Homo sapiens • a. large brains • b. use symbolic language and with words can shape concepts out of experiences. (cultural evolution) Life’s Diversity Classification of life’s diversity in an attempt to better understand. 6 Kingdoms 1. Animalia 2. Plantae 3. Protista 4. Monera 5. Fungi 6. Archaea What kingdom and why? What kingdom and why? What kingdom and why? What kingdom and why? What kingdom and why? What kingdom and why? Kingdoms: How are you more like a microscopic amoeba, than an amoeba is like a bacterium? Unity in the diversity of life Universal genetic code Similar metabolic pathways Similarities of cell structure Evolution Unifying theme in biology life evolves -- change over time species that are very similar may share a common ancestor less closely related organisms may have shared a more ancient common ancestor ALL LIFE IS CONNECTED On the Origin of Species Charles Darwin Descent with modification natural selection individuals in a population of any species vary in may inheritable traits populations have the potential to prod. more offspring than will survive or than the environ. can support those with traits best suited to the environ. leave a larger number of offspring natural selection does not create adaptations Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life The Scientific Method Reasons for the scientific method Hypothetico-deductive method 5-step process 1. Observations 2. Questions 3. Hypotheses • must be testable 4. Predictions 5. Tests Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning Specific observations general conclusion inference from general premises specific consequences, which logically follow if the premises are true If…..then... predicting exp. results that are expected if the hypothesis is true. Testing the Hypothesis variables independent vs. dependent effect on test results test group vs. control group difference size positive control/negative control repeatability of tests reliability or results Once a hypothesis is tested, then what?????? Conclusion/re-access the original hypothesis Retest over and over again THEN...... theory “ITS THE LAW!!!!!!!!” The Scientific Method An investigator spills dye on a culture plate and then notices that the bacteria live despite exposure to sunlight. He decides to expose 2 culture plates to ultraviolet light--one plate contains bacteria and dye; the other plate contains only bacteria. The bacteria on both plates die. Fill in the right-hand portion of the following diagram: Scientific Method Observations Hypothesis Experimentation and/or observations Conclusion Interconnecting Webs Organisms don’t exist in isolation from the environment. Producers, Consumers, Decomposers Photosynthesizers carbon dioxide + water + sunlight --> food ALL organisms depend on producers for food