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Chapter 8 Where Did We Come From? The Evidence for Evolution Fourth Edition BIOLOGY Science for Life | with Physiology Colleen Belk • Virginia Borden Maier © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint Lecture prepared by Jill Feinstein Richland Community College 1 What is Evolution? – The Process of Evolution Biological populations Groups of individuals of the same species that are subdivided from other populations by geography Biological evolution Change in the characteristics of a population of organisms that occurs of over the course of generations. Evolutionary changes are inherited via genes. Other changes may take place because of environmental changes and are not necessarily evolutionary. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Process of Evolution Pesticide resistant lice are an example of biological evolution. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Process of Evolution Natural selection – the differential survival and reproduction of individuals in a population Process by which populations adapt to varying environments Examples: Pesticide resistance in crop-eating insects Antibiotic resistance in infectious bacteria © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Process of Evolution Microevolution – changes that occur within a species and the characteristics of a population. Easily observed, relatively non-controversial. Macroevolution – changes that occur, as a result of microevolution, over long periods of time and result in the origin of new species. Controversial among non-biologists. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Theory of Evolution Ambiguity of the word “theory” Everyday usage: theory = best guess, or tentative explanation Scientific usage: theory = body of accepted general principles, supported by many lines of evidence. Examples: atomic theory, gravity, germ theory. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Theory of Evolution Theory of evolution All species present on earth today are descendents of a single common ancestor, and all species represent the product of millions of years of accumulated evolutionary changes. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 1 What is Evolution? – The Theory of Evolution Theory of common descent © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. BioFlix: Mechanisms of Evolution © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Animation: Principles of Evolution Click “Go to Animation” / Click “Play” 2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Theory of Evolution is sometimes called “Darwinism” because Charles Darwin is largely credited with introducing the concept to mainstream science. Many philosophers of science before Darwin had notions of organisms changing over time. Anaximander – Greek philosopher who suggested that humans evolved from fish that had moved onto land Lamarck – published ideas about inheritance of acquired traits in 1809 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution - The Voyage of the Beagle At age 22, Darwin set sail as ship’s naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle on a five year long trip. Darwin’s job was to collect and observe “anything worthy to be noted for natural history.” Darwin had a book by Lyell, Principles of Geology, which postulated earth was old and changes occurred over long periods of time. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution - The Voyage of the Beagle The following had influences on Darwin during the voyage: Rainforests of Brazil Fossils that he collected Birds and reptiles of the Galapagos Islands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution The Voyage of the Beagle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Evolution Developing the Hypothesis of Common Descent Darwin returned to England in 1836, but did not publish his ideas immediately. Spent about 20 years refining his ideas Learned about animal husbandry (selective breeding) Finally published On the Origin of Species in 1858 © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationship among Organisms Theory of common descent is controversial. There are some possible alternative hypotheses that can be tested against available data. Static model hypothesis Transformation hypothesis Separate types © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 2 Alternative Ideas on the Origins and Relationship among Organisms Graphical representations of theory of common descent and alternative hypotheses: © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.7 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent Several lines of biological evidence point to a common ancestor: Biological classification Anatomical similarities between organisms Useless traits in modern species Shared developmental pathways DNA similarities Distribution of organisms on earth (biogeography) Fossil evidence © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent Biological classification implies common ancestry. Linnaean Classification Gives each species a two-part or binomial name in Latin Carolus Linnaeus groups organisms in a hierarchy going from broadest to narrowest groupings © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent Anatomical homology Mammalian forelimbs have the same set of bones. The underlying structure is similar despite the very different functions. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent Useless traits in modern species Vestigial traits are traits that function in one organism but are greatly reduced in others For example: Ostrich and penguins form wings but do not fly because the wings are non-functional Humans have a tailbone by have no tail © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Developmental Homologies A consequence of shared developmental pathways is similarity among chordate embryos © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Molecular Homology DNA similarities Birds in same genus have DNA that is more similar to one another, while distantly-classified birds have DNA that is less similar. Molecular clock allows the use of DNA sequence differences between species to determine when they diverged from their common ancestor. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Biogeography Biogeography is the distribution of species on earth. Different species of mockingbird found on Galapagos all resemble another species found on the mainland. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – The Fossil Record Fossils are remains of living organisms left in soil or rock. Horse fossils provide a good sequence of evolutionary change within a lineage. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – The Fossil Record Fossilization is the formation of fossils © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Fossil Record Bipedal humans have some unique anatomical traits, such as features of hips, knees, and skull. Anatomical differences between humans and chimpanzees allow for identification of fossils © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Radiometric Dating Radiometric dating Used to determine age of rocks Relies on decay of radioactive isotopes into daughter products The rate of decay is measured by the element’s half-life © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Radiometric Dating Using radiometric dating, scientists have estimated the age of fossil hominims. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Examining the Evidence for Common Descent – Radiometric Dating Trends in human evolution Larger brains, Flatter face, Reduced jaw size © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid? The same lines of evidence that support common descent can be used to look for the closest relatives of humans. Table 10.1 summarizes the evidence for common descent. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid? Weighing the alternatives © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid? – The Origin of Life The origin of life Evolution is the study of how life changes. It doesn’t really address issue of how life began. Experiment evidence does give some clues about beginnings of life. Evidence for the theory of common descent demonstrates consilience. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. 4 Are Alternatives to the Theory of Evolution Equally Valid? Evolutionary theory informs all aspects of modern biology. Evolutionary theory helps us understand the function of human genes. Evolutionary theory is important to understanding species interactions. Evolutionary theory is important for predicting the biological consequences of climate change. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is not an example of a scientific theory? gravity evolution intelligent design all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is not an example of a scientific theory? gravity evolution intelligent design all of the above © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The head lice that have become resistant to the pesticide permethrin demonstrate microevolution. True or False: The individual head lice have evolved. True. False. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The head lice that have become resistant to the pesticide permethrin demonstrate microevolution. True or False: The individual head lice have evolved. True. False. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Giraffes stretched their necks by reaching for high leaves. They then passed this longer neck to their offspring. Who thought of this idea? Darwin Lyell Lamarck Wallace © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Giraffes stretched their necks by reaching for high leaves. They then passed this longer neck to their offspring. Who thought of this idea? Darwin Lyell Lamarck Wallace © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which correctly lists the classification levels from broadest to narrowest groupings? Order, Family, Genus, Species Family, Genus, Order, Species Species, Genus, Family, Order Order, Species, Family, Genus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which correctly lists the classification levels from broadest to narrowest groupings? Order, Family, Genus, Species Family, Genus, Order, Species Species, Genus, Family, Order Order, Species, Family, Genus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following do not belong in the order Primates. monkeys humans apes all of the above belong to the order Primates © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following do not belong in the order Primates. monkeys humans apes all of the above belong to the order Primates © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial trait? a human tailbone a dolphin’s blowhole a gorilla’s opposable thumb a penguin’s flippers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Which of the following is an example of a vestigial trait? a human tailbone a dolphin’s blowhole a gorilla’s opposable thumb a penguin’s flippers © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Where did humans evolve? North America Europe Africa Galapagos Islands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Where did humans evolve? North America Europe Africa Galapagos Islands © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False: Differences in DNA sequences can help determine when two species diverged from their common ancestor. True. False. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. True or False: Differences in DNA sequences can help determine when two species diverged from their common ancestor. True. False. © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What proposed mechanism of evolution is shown in this figure? static model transformation separate types common descent © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What proposed mechanism of evolution is shown in this figure? static model transformation separate types common descent © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What is shown by the y-axis of this graph? percentage of parent element remaining time (in millions of years) depth of burial number of fossils found © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. What is shown by the y-axis of this graph? percentage of parent element remaining time (in millions of years) depth of burial number of fossils found © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.