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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON’S RISE TO POWER
The turmoil of the French Revolution gave Napoleon a prime
opportunity to rise to power quickly.
MILITARY SUCCESS
• 1793 – Forced British troops out of the port of
Toulon
• 1795 – Defeated royalist in Paris
• Put in charge of defending the French interior at
age 26
• Put in charge of French troops invading Italy
• Defeated Egypt’s Ottoman defenders
MILITARY DEFEAT
• Napoleon lost the Battle of the Nile against Great
Britain
• Napoleon left his troops in Egypt and returned to
France
NAPOLEON GAINS POWER
• Directory was weak and ineffective
• Napoleon’s supporters forced the members of the
Directory to hand the government over to him
• Coup d'état – a forced transfer of power
• Created a group of three consuls, called the
Consulate, to replace the Directory
• Members of the Directory voted Napoleon in charge as
first Consul
WHY IS FRANCE HAPPY WITH A DICTATOR?
• French were exhausted by chaos and
constant warfare
• Napoleon promised…
• Order and stability
• To uphold revolutionary reforms
• Peace, prosperity, and glory
NAPOLEON AS EMPEROR
FROM FIRST CONSUL TO EMPEROR
• Napoleon submitted a plebiscite; Do you want
France to become an empire?
• Plebiscite: a question put before all voters
• Pope Pius VII came to Paris to crown him
emperor
• Napoleon took the crown and crowned himself
EMPIRE IN AMERICAS
• France’s American colonies included Louisiana,
Florida, and Saint Domingue (modern day Haiti)
• Civil War erupted in St. Domingue – Napoleon sent
expedition to take back the colony
• When Napoleon failed, he sold his Louisiana territory
to the United States
NAPOLEONIC WARS
• Wars between France and other European
countries during the French Revolution, led by
Napoleon.
• France expanded rapidly
CONTINENTAL SYSTEM
• A blockade preventing all French or allied ships from
trading with Great Britain
• Napoleon hoped disrupting their trade would weaken
Great Britain, therefore weakening the rebellion against
Napoleon
• British responded by requiring all neutral ships to stop
in British ports to gain permission to trade with the
French
THE PENINSULAR WAR
• Portugal refused to comply with the Continental System
• Napoleon sent in troops to take control
• Napoleon conquered Spain and put his brother, Joseph on
the Spanish throne
• Great Britain sent in troops to support the Spanish
• Napoleon sent in more troops, becoming triumphant
• Guerrilla War – Spanish peasants would ambush French troops and
camps
NAPOLEON’S REFORMS
• Church – State Relations: Concordat – an agreement with the
pope that acknowledged that most French citizens were Roman
Catholic
• Economic: Established the Bank of France and a tax collection
system
• Legal: Napoleonic Code – uniform laws across the nation that
eliminated injustices
• Education: Established a network of high schools, universities,
and technical schools
NAPOLEON’S LEGACY
• Nationalism – a sense of identity and unity as
people; pride and loyalty toward your country
THE FALL OF NAPOLEON
NAPOLEON VS. RUSSIA
• Napoleon noticed troop movement in Russia – Napoleon
and 600,000 men invaded Russia
• Napoleon faced many problems along the way
• Napoleon wanted a quick easy victory, but no one was
there for him to fight
• Russians were practicing scorched earth policy –
setting fire to fields and villages in order to leave
nothing behind for the enemy to use
•
RUSSIA CONT.
• Napoleon’s troops finally met with Russia’s
• France won, casualties very high
• French moved on to Moscow
• Found it deserted and in flames
• Returned to France through same scorched fields
• Russian peasants attacked isolated French soldiers
• Winter set in
• 94,000/600,000 French troops returned
NAPOLEON’S DEFEAT
• After Napoleon’s defeat in Russia; Russia, Prussia,
Austria, and Great Britain allied themselves against
France
• October 1813 – Allies defeated Napoleon in Leipzig
• March 1814 – Allies entered Paris in triumph
• Exiled to Elba – small Mediterranean island off the
coast of Italy
THE HUNDRED DAYS
• After 1 year, Napoleon hired a ship to take him and his
supporters back to France
• Troops were sent to arrest Napoleon, instead pledged their
loyalties to him
• March 20, Napoleon arrived in Paris to cheering crowds
• Start of the Hundred Days – a period of renewed glory for
Napoleon
BATTLE OF WATERLOO
• Napoleon’s troops vs. British troops led by the Duke
of Wellington
• Belgium, Dutch, and German troops fought with
Wellington’s troops
• On June 18, 1815, the armies met near Waterloo
• Prussia came to Great Britain's aid
• Napoleon was defeated
NAPOLEON’S FINAL DAYS
• Napoleon tried to escape to America
• Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena – a volcanic
island in the South Atlantic, roughly 1,200 miles
from the nearest mainland
• Died 6 years after exile – Age 51
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
• Major Negotiators: Lord Castlereagh of Great Britain, Czar Alexander I
of Russia, King Frederick William III of Prussia, Prince Klemens von
Metternich of Austria, and Charles Maurice de Tallyrand on behalf of
King Louis XVIII.
• Goals
• Restore balance of power
• Make Europe peaceful
• Restore monarchies
• Compensate allies for their loses
• Prevent France from rising to such power again
CONGRESS OF VIENNA CONT.
• Changed boarders to strengthen countries surrounding France
• France lost all conquered territory
• French boundaries were pulled back to its boundaries in 1792
• France had to pay an indemnity – compensation for damages
• Restored monarchies that Napoleon eliminated
• Spain
• Sicily
• Portugal
• Sardinia
THE REVOLUTION’S LEGACY
• Was the French Revolution a failure?