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What’s Next?
Plasmonic Imaging:
"A New Lens into the Nano-World”
The Mantra: Plasmon wave imaging:
Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths!
Josh Conway
Thomas Szkopek
Eli Yablonovitch
Xiang Zhang
e2>0 E
---
e1<0
kz
air
+++
+++
---
metal
Surface plasmons
image
plane
light
plasmon wave
double-sided
surface plasmons
---
kx
Plasmon Wavelength in nm
h
3.0
0.5236
1.0472 2.0944
2.61803.4907
200
50
30
100
6.9813
15
10.4720
10
40
2.5
2.5
Plasmon Energy in eV
5.2360
20
t=20nm
2.8eV
t=5nm
t=2nm
t=1nm
2.0
2.0
t=thickness of metal film
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
Optical frequencies,
but with X-ray wavelengths!
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm)
0.6
0.6
k
Thin-film plasmon imaging optics
double convex lens
(high index)
double concave lens
(low index)
sapphire
plasmon wave
- + - +
+
-+ plasmon wave
grating
coupler
light h =2.5eV
silicon
photoresist
Final
Objective
Lens
n9> n8>       >n1>n0
n0
n1
n2
n3
n4
n5
n6
n7
n8
n9
Rayleigh Limit is /n9
sapphire
plasmon wave
- + - +
+
-+ plasmon wave
grating
coupler
light h =2.5eV
silicon
photoresist
Plasmon imaging in a silver film
in-coupling grating
dimple lens
out-coupling edge
far-field from
conventional lens
image
plane
light
plasmon wave
metal film supports plasmon waves
photoresist
curved grating coupler
plasmon lens
image
plane
image
conventional
refractive
lens
Plasmon wave imaging:
Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths!
object
Plasmon wave imaging:
object Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths!
grating coupler
slider
conventional
refractive lens
light
grating coupler
plasmon wave
mirror
photoresist
silicon
image
Plasmon Wavelength in nm
h
3.0
0.5236
1.0472 2.0944
2.61803.4907
200
50
30
100
6.9813
15
10.4720
10
40
2.5
2.5
Plasmon Energy in eV
5.2360
20
t=20nm
2.8eV
t=5nm
t=2nm
t=1nm
2.0
2.0
t=thickness of metal film
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.0
Optical frequencies,
but with X-ray wavelengths!
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm)
0.6
0.6
k
Silver Film on Sapphire
Plasmon Wavelength in nm
p
1.5 eV
400
400
300
300
2.0 eV
200
200
2.5 eV
80
60
40
100
100
20
0
0
00
20
20
40
40
0
1
60
60
Silver Film Thickness in nm
2
80
80
3
4
5
100
t
Imaginary versus Real part of wave vector:
kIm
Imaginary Wave-number in rad/nm
0.05
200 50
Plasmon wavelength in nm
20 15
10
5
p
1.5 eV
0.04
2.5 eV
2.0 eV
0.03
0.02
Q ~ 20
0.01
0
0. 5
1.0
Real Wave-number rad/nm
kReal
dc Magnetic Dipole Disk Drive
ac Electric Dipole Disk Drive
image from
ray
modulator ar
1mm
30nm
SIDE VIEW
slide
r sus
pens
ion
photoresist
silicon
sapphire slider
plasmon lens
Plasmon wave imaging:
object Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths!
grating coupler
slider
conventional
refractive lens
light
grating coupler
plasmon wave
mirror
photoresist
silicon
image
L
C
F  ma
dv
dt
d
q 2 E  m qv
dt
d
nq 2 E  m nqv
dt
qE  m
nq 2 E d
 J 
m
dt
But E  V/Length, and J  I/Area
 J  nqv
nq 2 V
d  I 
 

m Length dt  Area 
Length dI
 2p V 
Area dt
1 Length dI
V 2
 p Area dt
where L 
1 Length
 2p Area
is called the kinetic inductance L
notice that capacitanc e C ~

1
 p
LC
Area
Length
Thin capacitors can sustain very large electric fields
108Volts/cm
1Volt/Angstrom
λ
I(ω)
++++
+++
++
-------
anti-bodies
anti-gens
DNA fragments
RNA
toxins
1 photon in a 1nm1nm1nm capacitor
produces an electric field= 108 Volts/cm
electric field= 1Volt/Angstrom
This is enough for a giant optical nonlinearity!
capacitive biosensor
grating
out-coupler
grating
k
in-coupler
wire
plasmonic
nonlinear
λ medium
three terminal
optical device
anti-bodies
anti-gens
DNA fragments
RNA
toxins
Plasmon Wavelength in nm
h
Plasmon Energy in eV
4
4
10
20
50 100 100 50
20
10
Air
thin
Al2O3
3
3
Al2O3
2
2
11
0
0
-1 -0.5
-0 -0.4
-0 -0.3
-0 -0.2
-0 -0.1
-0
-0.6
00
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1
1
0.5
0.6
Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm)
k
Plasmon Wavelength in nm
h
4
4
10
20
50 100 100 50
20
10
d=1nm
3
3
d=10nm
d=5nm
d=20nm
2
2
1
1
0
0
ib
ic
r
ctr
d
air
Al2O3
di
-e
le
Plasmon Energy in eV
d=2nm
silver
-1 -0.5
-0 -0.4
-0 -0.3
-0 -0.2
-0 -0.1
-0
-0.6
00
r
e
is lv
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
1
1
0.5
0.6
Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm)
k