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What’s Next? Plasmonic Imaging: "A New Lens into the Nano-World” The Mantra: Plasmon wave imaging: Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! Josh Conway Thomas Szkopek Eli Yablonovitch Xiang Zhang e2>0 E --- e1<0 kz air +++ +++ --- metal Surface plasmons image plane light plasmon wave double-sided surface plasmons --- kx Plasmon Wavelength in nm h 3.0 0.5236 1.0472 2.0944 2.61803.4907 200 50 30 100 6.9813 15 10.4720 10 40 2.5 2.5 Plasmon Energy in eV 5.2360 20 t=20nm 2.8eV t=5nm t=2nm t=1nm 2.0 2.0 t=thickness of metal film 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm) 0.6 0.6 k Thin-film plasmon imaging optics double convex lens (high index) double concave lens (low index) sapphire plasmon wave - + - + + -+ plasmon wave grating coupler light h =2.5eV silicon photoresist Final Objective Lens n9> n8> >n1>n0 n0 n1 n2 n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9 Rayleigh Limit is /n9 sapphire plasmon wave - + - + + -+ plasmon wave grating coupler light h =2.5eV silicon photoresist Plasmon imaging in a silver film in-coupling grating dimple lens out-coupling edge far-field from conventional lens image plane light plasmon wave metal film supports plasmon waves photoresist curved grating coupler plasmon lens image plane image conventional refractive lens Plasmon wave imaging: Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! object Plasmon wave imaging: object Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! grating coupler slider conventional refractive lens light grating coupler plasmon wave mirror photoresist silicon image Plasmon Wavelength in nm h 3.0 0.5236 1.0472 2.0944 2.61803.4907 200 50 30 100 6.9813 15 10.4720 10 40 2.5 2.5 Plasmon Energy in eV 5.2360 20 t=20nm 2.8eV t=5nm t=2nm t=1nm 2.0 2.0 t=thickness of metal film 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm) 0.6 0.6 k Silver Film on Sapphire Plasmon Wavelength in nm p 1.5 eV 400 400 300 300 2.0 eV 200 200 2.5 eV 80 60 40 100 100 20 0 0 00 20 20 40 40 0 1 60 60 Silver Film Thickness in nm 2 80 80 3 4 5 100 t Imaginary versus Real part of wave vector: kIm Imaginary Wave-number in rad/nm 0.05 200 50 Plasmon wavelength in nm 20 15 10 5 p 1.5 eV 0.04 2.5 eV 2.0 eV 0.03 0.02 Q ~ 20 0.01 0 0. 5 1.0 Real Wave-number rad/nm kReal dc Magnetic Dipole Disk Drive ac Electric Dipole Disk Drive image from ray modulator ar 1mm 30nm SIDE VIEW slide r sus pens ion photoresist silicon sapphire slider plasmon lens Plasmon wave imaging: object Optical frequencies, but with X-ray wavelengths! grating coupler slider conventional refractive lens light grating coupler plasmon wave mirror photoresist silicon image L C F ma dv dt d q 2 E m qv dt d nq 2 E m nqv dt qE m nq 2 E d J m dt But E V/Length, and J I/Area J nqv nq 2 V d I m Length dt Area Length dI 2p V Area dt 1 Length dI V 2 p Area dt where L 1 Length 2p Area is called the kinetic inductance L notice that capacitanc e C ~ 1 p LC Area Length Thin capacitors can sustain very large electric fields 108Volts/cm 1Volt/Angstrom λ I(ω) ++++ +++ ++ ------- anti-bodies anti-gens DNA fragments RNA toxins 1 photon in a 1nm1nm1nm capacitor produces an electric field= 108 Volts/cm electric field= 1Volt/Angstrom This is enough for a giant optical nonlinearity! capacitive biosensor grating out-coupler grating k in-coupler wire plasmonic nonlinear λ medium three terminal optical device anti-bodies anti-gens DNA fragments RNA toxins Plasmon Wavelength in nm h Plasmon Energy in eV 4 4 10 20 50 100 100 50 20 10 Air thin Al2O3 3 3 Al2O3 2 2 11 0 0 -1 -0.5 -0 -0.4 -0 -0.3 -0 -0.2 -0 -0.1 -0 -0.6 00 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 1 0.5 0.6 Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm) k Plasmon Wavelength in nm h 4 4 10 20 50 100 100 50 20 10 d=1nm 3 3 d=10nm d=5nm d=20nm 2 2 1 1 0 0 ib ic r ctr d air Al2O3 di -e le Plasmon Energy in eV d=2nm silver -1 -0.5 -0 -0.4 -0 -0.3 -0 -0.2 -0 -0.1 -0 -0.6 00 r e is lv 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 1 1 0.5 0.6 Plasmon Wave-Vector (2/wavelength in nm) k