Download BAGAIMANA SAMPLING

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

History of statistics wikipedia , lookup

Sufficient statistic wikipedia , lookup

Bootstrapping (statistics) wikipedia , lookup

Taylor's law wikipedia , lookup

Resampling (statistics) wikipedia , lookup

Gibbs sampling wikipedia , lookup

Sampling (statistics) wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
Matakuliah
Tahun
Versi
: I0014 / Biostatistika
: 2005
: V1 / R1
Pertemuan 9
Pendugaan Parameter (I)
1
Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan
mahasiswa akan mampu :
• Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan konsep
pendugaan parameter populasi (C2)
2
Outline Materi
• Sebaran penarikan contoh
• Pendugaan titik
• Pendugaan selang
3
<<ISI>>
POPULASI DAN SAMPEL
• POPULASI (N)
parameter
 , ,
2
• Pengambilan sampel
(sampling)
statistik
• SAMPEL (n)
2
x, s , s
4
<<ISI>>
BAGAIMANA SAMPLING ?
• Random
• Non-random
Bagaimana Me-random ??
• Lotere / undian
• Tabel / angka acak
• Alat elektronik
5
<<ISI>>
Penarikan Contoh (Sampling)
• Penarikan Contoh Acak
1.
2.
3.
4.
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
• Penarikan Contoh Non Acak
1.
2.
3.
4.
ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
EQUOTA SAMPLING
SNOWBAL SAMPLING
6
<<ISI>>
Penarikan Contoh
• Jika n diambil secara acak dari N dengan pengembalian,
maka ada N n kemungkinan contoh
• Jika n diambil secara acak dari N tanpa pengembalian,
maka ada  N  kemungkinan contoh
n
 
• Oleh karena itu, suatu contoh berukuran n
yang diambil dari N mempunyai
statistik contoh yang tidak sama
7
<<ISI>>
SIFAT SAMPEL
• Rata-rata sampel = Rata-rata populasi
• Ukuran penyebaran rata-rata sampel
(mis: s dan dq) semakin menurun
dengan meningkatnya ukuran contoh
8
<<ISI>>
Sebaran Rata-rata Sampel
• Sampling tanpa pengembalian
N n s
s 
N n
2
2
x
• Sampling dengan pengembalian
2
atau N >> n
s
2
x
s

n
9
<<ISI>>
• Rata-rata sampel
x    E( X )
• Sampling tanpa pengembalian
N n
 
N 1 n
2
2
x
• Sampling dengan pengembalian
atau N >> n
2
 
2
x

n
10
<<ISI>>
Penduga Titik dan Sifat Penduga
An estimator of a population parameter is a sample statistic used to
estimate the parameter. The most commonly-used estimator of the:
Population Parameter
Sample Statistic
Mean ()
is the
Mean (X)
Variance (2)
is the
Variance (s2)
Standard Deviation ()
is the
Standard Deviation (s)
Proportion (p)
is the
Proportion ( p )
•
Desirable properties of estimators include:
– Unbiasedness
– Efficiency
– Consistency
– Sufficiency
11
<<ISI>>
Tidak Bias
An estimator is said to be unbiased if its expected value is equal to
the population parameter it estimates.
For example, E(X)=so the sample mean is an unbiased estimator of
the population mean. Unbiasedness is an average or long-run
property. The mean of any single sample will probably not equal the
population mean, but the average of the means of repeated
independent samples from a population will equal the population
mean.
Any systematic deviation of the estimator from the population
parameter of interest is called a bias.
12
<<ISI>>
{
Penduga Tak-bias dan Bias
Bias
An unbiased estimator is on
target on average.
A biased estimator is
off target on average.
13
<<ISI>>
Efisiensi
An estimator is efficient if it has a relatively small variance (and
standard deviation).
An efficient estimator is,
on average, closer to the
parameter being estimated..
An inefficient estimator is, on
average, farther from the
parameter being estimated.
14
<<ISI>>
Konsistensi dan Kecukupan
An estimator is said to be consistent if its probability of being close
to the parameter it estimates increases as the sample size increases.
Consistency
n = 10
n = 100
An estimator is said to be sufficient if it contains all the information
15
in the data about the parameter it estimates.
<< CLOSING>>
• Sampai saat ini Anda telah mempelajari
sebaran penarikan contoh dan pendugaan
titik dan selang
• Untuk dapat lebih memahami penggunaan
pendugaan tersebut, cobalah Anda
pelajari materi penunjang, dan
mengerjakan latihan
16