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Elements in Earth Science Each element is made of atoms that are the same Each atom is made of protons, neutrons, and electrons Most Common Elements in Earth Science Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium O Si Al Fe Ca Sodium Potassium Magnesium Titanium Hydrogen Na K Mg Ti H In general … simpler elements are more common In general … the more familiar an element, the more abundant Minerals Is an element or compound found naturally in rocks and soils. There are more than 3500 named minerals. New minerals are being found every year. Characteristics of Minerals All are solids Form naturally Never part of living things Definite chemical makeup Definite atomic pattern Slow cooling minerals form large crystals Fast cooling minerals form small crystals Rocks Made up of one or more minerals 3 types: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Igneous Fire formed Cools and hardens from magma Magma is in the earth Lava is on the earth 2 types of Igneous Intrusive – cools inside Earth Cools slowly Extrusive – cools outside Earth Cools quickly Intrusive Granite – most common, “mountain guts” Diorite – iron and magnesium Gabbro – dark, large crystals Peridotite – green, most of upper crust Extrusive Basalt – common, hard, dark Andesite – began cooling in crust finished on surface large/small crystals Rhyolite – cooled slowly then fast Pumice – light, spongy look Obsidian – volcanic glass, cools fast Sedimentary Layers of particles that are moved from one place to another. 3 types: Clastic, Chemical, Organic Clastic Most common Made of other rocks Particles accumulate and harden Weathering is an active process 2 Processes cause clastics to harden Weight of upper layers squeeze out liquids Minerals dissolved in ground water act as cement Conglomerate – pebble pieces, rounded Breccia – boulder pieces, sharp Sandstone – sandsized quartz, variety of colors Shale – most common, mud, clay, silts Chemical Limestone – 50% calcite from seashells Coquina – large pieces of shell Chalk – microscopic pieces of shell Halite – hard, created by evaporation Gypsum – soft, created by evaporation Chert – hard, created by heat Organic Coal – black, coarse, decayed plant life Special Features of Sedimentary Rocks Layering (bedding) Fossils Geode (minerals in a hole or cavity) Concretions (minerals form around a grain or fossil) Metamorphic Created by 1 of 2 processes Regional process – most common, heat and pressure over large area Contact – heat and pressure next to magma chambers 2 types: Foliated, Nonfoliated Foliated “layered” rocks Slate – made from shale Gneiss – made from granite Nonfoliated No ‘layers’ Marble – made from limestone Quartzite – made from quartz
