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Transcript
Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession What is Ecological Succession? • Natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area • Can be primary or secondary • The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time Primary Succession • Begins in a place without any soil: »Sides of volcanoes »Landslides »Flooding • First, lichens that do not need soil to survive grow on rocks • Next, mosses grow to hold newly made soil • Known as PIONEER SPECIES Pioneer Species Lichens break down rock to form soil. Low, growing moss plants trap moisture and prevent soil erosion Primary Succession • Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces • When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil Primary Succession • Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil Primary Succession • The simple plants die, adding more organic material (nutrients to the soil) • The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over Primary Succession • These plants die, and they add more nutrients to the soil • Shrubs and trees can survive now Primary Succession • Insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move into the area • What was once bare rock, now supports a variety of life Secondary Succession • Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms • Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession • Example: after forest fires Climax Community • A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process • Does not always mean big trees – Grasses in prairies – Cacti in deserts Stages Primary Succession • Stage 1 – Bare rock is exposed and came from a volcano or exposed rock from a melted glacier • Stage 2 – Lichen and moss arrive – pioneer species • Stage 3 – Rocks break down and grasses arrive • Stage 4 – Small shrubs and herbivores arrive • Stage 5 – Large shrubs, young trees, and predators arrive • Stage 6 – Mature trees and large predators and herbivores arrive Stages Secondary Succession • Stage 1 – A natural event removed vegetation and exposes bare soil (fire, flood, farming) • Stage 2 – Only nutrient-rich soil is present • Stage 3 – Flowers and grasses begin to arrive • Stage 4 – Small shrubs and herbivores arrive • Stage 5 – Large shrubs, young trees, and predators arrive • Stage 6 – Mature trees and large predators and herbivores arrive Exit Ticket (primary or secondary) • 1. Mature trees and large predators and herbivores arrive • 2. Rocks break down and grasses arrive • 3. A natural event removed vegetation and exposes bare soil (fire, flood, farming) • 4. Bare rock is exposed and came from a volcano or exposed rock from a melted glacier